tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25246391906021909992024-03-12T21:22:28.364-07:00Have someone write your essayHypothesis Test Difference In Means Research Paper TopicsPaisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-66872175881811574212020-08-25T18:46:00.001-07:002020-08-25T18:46:05.310-07:00September 11th: The Day Innocence Died :: September 11 Terrorism EssaysSeptember eleventh, 8:45 a.m.: An enormous plane, potentially a seized carrier, collides with one of the World Trade Center towers, tearing a vast gap in the structure and setting it ablaze. 9:03 a.m.: A subsequent plane, clearly a traveler fly, collides with the subsequent World Trade Center pinnacle and detonates. The two structures are consuming. 9:30 a.m.: Bush, talking in Florida, says the nation has endured an obvious fear based oppressor assault. 9:43 a.m.: An airplane collides with the Pentagon, sending up an immense tuft of smoke. Departure starts right away. 9:45 a.m.: The White House empties. 10:05 a.m.: The south pinnacle of the World Trade Center breakdown, falling into the avenues beneath. A huge dust storm and flotsam and jetsam structures and gradually floats away from the structure. 10:10 a.m.: A part of the Pentagon breakdown. 1:27 p.m.: A highly sensitive situation is announced by the city of Washington. 1:30 p.m. The nation needs answers. First stun, at that point fear, trailed by distress, and ultimately rage. How could such a demonstration be submitted on American soil? This nation poses this inquiry in dismay. The US requests answers and vengeance for this demonstration of underhandedness. Who is to be faulted for the potential a huge number of passings? The best way to respond to this inquiry is to take a gander at the individuals that could do such a demonstration and what potential reasons they would have for doing it. This area as an opening investigates oceans for answers, they look to a region considered Afghanistan that harbors a psychological militant called Osama canister Laden. Canister Laden, an Islamic fundamentalist and the child of a Saudi tycoon, has been on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitive rundown since 1999, and the U.S. State Department has offered a $5 million prize for his capture. Quoted from www.cnn.com. Most U.S. investigators state canister Laden is the pioneer of a gathering called al Qaeda (Arabic for the Base), this is a system accused for fruitful and bombed psychological oppressor strikes on the U.S. Some are the thousand years bombarding plot, a year ago's assault on the USS Cole, in Yemen slaughtering 17 U.S. mariners and injuring 39, and the almost synchronous bombings of the U.S. consulates in Tanzania and Kenya. Container Laden, a Muslim accepts that he is battling a sacred war for the sake of his religion. Muslims are Followers of the Islam religion. They accept that Allah is the One True God. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-69324551324661839382020-08-22T05:28:00.001-07:002020-08-22T05:28:04.910-07:00Advertising compan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsPublicizing compan - Essay Example The focused on net deals and other numerical objectives are recorded in charts all through the arrangement, just as toward the end. This arrangement has been made based on optional statistical surveying using web crawlers and existing writing on the subject. All figures in the arrangement are recorded as far as 100,000 U.S. dollars.The following chart delineates anticipated deals for the years 2008 through 2011. As should be obvious, the business objectives increment somewhat with each extra year that passes. The organization endeavors to keep up proceeded with development and enter the following period of the hierarchical life cycle.Just to Advertise's fundamental goal is to make a reasonable benefit in the promoting business. This objective is to be reached by achieving the numbers that are reflected in the above outline and in the Financial Plan segment. Their optional target is to keep on expanding benefits quite a long time after year. They will accomplish this objective through gathering or surpassing their focused on deals forecast.Just to Advertise endeavors to offer its clients high-caliber and practical publicizing administrations at whatever point and any place they need it. The fundamental customers of Just to Advertise are inns and overnight boardinghouses. The organization, be that as it may, likewise benefits a wide cluster of little and medium measured organizations all through the United Kingdom. As of now, the organization serves the United Kingdom just and is trying to branch its administrations into France. They intend to begin serving the French market by engaging their administrations to inns and overnight boardinghouses that are situated in France. At that point, they will start to stretch out into overhauling different kinds of little and medium estimated organizations. Keys to Success Just to Advertise centers around two keys to progress. The first is Internal Factors, and the second is External Factors. They are both clarified in more detail in the resulting segments. The organization accepts that these two keys to progress must both be available and completely operational with the end goal for them to perform at their greatest level at some random time. Inner Factors Essential inner variables lead the organization to accept that it controls its own prosperity. These are: 1. Promoting and Selling Power. The organization makes its administrations alluring so as to pull in the most extensive blend of clients. This methodology has demonstrated to be fruitful for the organization's rivals and for the organization's United Kingdom activities over the previous year. The organization intends to proceed with this training in the new French market. 2. In general Excellence in Meeting Promises. Customers buy benefits instead of highlights. Both a case and evidence must be introduced so as to understand an advantage. This organization endeavors to prevail on each guarantee. Moreover, the organization accepts that inability to do so is seriously hindering to the business. Organization the executives regards that each disappointed client won't just neglect to do rehash business with the organization, yet will likewise go off and inform an enormous number of people concerning the poor assistance that they got from the organization. Just to Advertise accepts that the client is in every case right and that the client starts things out. 3. Producing New Business Leads so as to Develop Visibility. The organization clearly accepts unequivocally in promoting, so they make their name notable using the immense measure of publicizing assets that they have accessible to them. Building up a solid customer base is critical to the organization so as to set up a decent notoriety in the business sectors in which they offer types of assistance. It is additionally significant that the organization fabricates key associations with different organizations and government Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-41373621692030414062020-08-07T21:58:00.001-07:002020-08-07T21:58:03.100-07:00Know Money, Win Money! Episode 6 Wizard World, Issue #2Know Money, Win Money! Episode 6 Wizard World, Issue #2 Know Money, Win Money! Episode 6: Wizard World, Issue #2 Know Money, Win Money! Episode 6: Wizard World, Issue #2Surprise! We have another episode of Know Money, Win Money from Wizard World Chicago! Since so many people were in costumes, we decided to make it our special Halloween Edition!First, we asked who, according to Forbes, is the wealthiest fictional character. Although we arenât exactly certain what their methodology was (maybe they asked some fictional accountants), we trust that it was a very rigorous process. Is it Bruce Wayne, with his many gadgets and the original (bat)man cave? Or maybe Tony Stark, with his many gadgets and the original (iron)man tower?In fact, itâs neither of them! Itâs Scrooge McDuck. To be fair, weâve never once seen Stark or Wayne swimming through a pool of gold coins. And Scrooge is certainly less keen on spending his wealth than nearly any other fictional character, except maybe Scrooge McHuman from A Christmas Carol.Next, we played another round of everyoneâs favorite game that needs a mo re succinct title: âCan You Guess How Much This Personâs Costume Cost?â We found a guy dressed up as Will Smithâs Deadshot from Suicide Squad. Youâll need to watch the video to find out what his costume actually cost, but it looked amazing and he probably spent less than one percent of what Warner Brothers did.Finally, we asked what currency the Klingons from Star Trek use. As any intergalactic warrior could tell you, itâs Darseks. We considered giving out Darseks for getting the question right, but apparently, people preferred Earth money.Hopefully, we helped you get some costume ideas right in time for Halloween, and weâll be back with a new Know Money, Win Money before you know it!Be sure to also check out our most recent episodes:Episode Three: Finance and EducationEpisode Four: Wizard World ChicagoEpisode Five: Go Cubs Go!Where would you like to see us go in future episodes of Know Money, Win Money? We want to hear from you! You can email us or find us on Twitt er at @OppLoans. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-85999660036400868012020-05-23T11:42:00.001-07:002020-05-23T11:42:05.129-07:00The United Arab Emirates A Global Hub For Business And... The United Arab Emirates is a global hub for business and investment. Although the UAE is the worldââ¬â¢s seventh largest producer of oil and natural gas, it has managed to shift its economic focus away from its deep wells. Today, the country derives 71 percent of its GDP from construction, healthcare, aviation, tourism and other non-oil sectors. With the Heritage Foundation giving the country an impressive 79.6 percent business freedom score, you have every reason to set up a company in the UAE and start trading. Here are 13 questions to ask before making the move: 1. What are the benefits of starting a company in the UAE? Although some Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and Yemen are known for their unending wars, the UAE enjoys a peaceful and politically tranquil environment that enables businesses to thrive. Besides, the country is home to top banking institutions such as HSBC, Standard Chartered and First Gulf Bank, so you wonââ¬â¢t have to look elsewhere for banking solutions and financial assistance. Roads, ports, railways, telecommunication lines and other pieces of infrastructure are extremely advanced, making it ideal for diverse businesses. 2. What is the UAE tax policy? The UAE has favorable taxation policies for both foreign and domestic businesses. But how favorable is it? The federal government doesnââ¬â¢t levy any tax on the income of individuals and companies. However, businesses in the oil and gas industry are subject to a 50-55 percent tax rate, while banks withShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Aviation Industry : A Developing Country Based On Agriculture And Oil Reserves3368 Words à |à 14 PagesColombia and United Arab Emirates. Colombia is a developing country based on agriculture and oil reserves. In the past, they had many internal problems with guerillas, and cocaine smuggling. But, now Colombia is safer and has diversified there industries, and is mainly focusing on tourism and aviation. 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Indeed, the Dubai International Free Zone (DIFC), which has managedRead MoreEconomy And Market Analysis Of The United Arab Emirates893 Words à |à 4 PagesMarket Analysis- United Arab Emirates Located in Western Asia at the South-East end of Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf is the oil-rich economy viz. United Arab Emirates (UAE). The demographic of the economy consists of 11.6% Emiratis, as much as 59.4% South Asian (including 38.2% Indian) and 29.1% others (2015 est.). The economy constitutes young population with majority of the population between 25-54 years of age (61.27%) and about 96% are aged below 54 years of age. Dubai, Abu Dhabi andRead MoreEconomic and Political Environment of Dubai3947 Words à |à 16 Pages Dubai ââ¬Æ' INTRODUCTION In recent years, Dubai, a city within the United Arab Emirates, or emirates (UAE), has seen significant growth and is continuing to be viewed as a great place to do business. 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Part of that, Emirates airline is wholly owned by the government of DubaiRead MoreStrategy Assignment Essay3409 Words à |à 14 PagesHarvard Business School ââ¬â Case Study Pradeep Bhat Strategy Assignment MIP ââ¬â Politecnico di Milano 1. In an industry where profitable firms are scarce, Emirates has delivered solid growth and solid financial performance for years. Why? What is behind Emiratesââ¬â¢ success? á ¹Å"ecently, on May 20th 2014, the Air French ââ¬â KLM announced their results showing record losses. The strategy of alliance between two struggling airlines is yet to prove its success. Meanwhile, in a complete contrast, The Emirates Airlines Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-43252089306699798182020-05-12T06:34:00.001-07:002020-05-12T06:34:03.755-07:00Is there life after death Free Essay Example, 1500 words Assumptions in dualism prove that there is no life after death. Secondly, the philosophical believes of materialism is not a strong enough support in life after death. In materialism, persons are assumed to rejuvenate and receive the same type of body after death. The lives lived by the resurrected persons compares with their early life on earth in many ways. They live in a perfect world where they do all they want: good food, walk on bright paths, do not become ill, do not sin, and they have ample possessions. The major concern that arises is how the older person compares to the new person. Can we still prove it is the same person? According to Barnes as quoted in seven oaks philosophical website, ââ¬Å"we cannot imagine ourselves living in heaven or paradise and still being ourselves: if our flaws are corrected, our disabilities removed, our needs and wants satisfied, are we still in any meaningful sense the same person? â⬠(Flew web) Assumptions in materialistic approach of resurrection fail to meet the criterion of identity. The transformation of the persons who die to the new heavenly body without flaws, disabilities, or needs means that the two bodies are two entities altogether. We will write a custom essay sample on Is there life after death or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now To me, the process of life after death is an impossibility through resurrection. Consider a human being who is a cannibal. After death, will God resurrect the persons he ate together with himself or only him? William in philosophy now magazine suggests that god will restore us again from other atoms. These new bodies will only meet our design and replication of us and not us al all. This is the same position with resurrection. The replica version of resurrection cannot secure survival after death (William web). Christians and Abraham religions who believe in resurrection also believe that the transformation comes on the final judgement day that comes so many years after the death of the person. This brings about a problem in continuity and proves that there is no life after death. According to Plato in his theory of opposites, physical world consists of opposites such as big and small, light and dark. In his argument, there must be a reverse to life , which is dead. For one to speak of dead and living as opposites then, the deceased must have a soul. Reincarnation is supported in this idea that suggests that mental growth continues after one, and the dead continues another earthly being with excellent grades of consciousness. Plato believes in a circle of death, life, death, life, and so forth (Taylor 244). Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-3453170592035022022020-05-06T11:59:00.001-07:002020-05-06T11:59:54.651-07:00Apple Case Study 1 Free Essays Apple Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. Opening Case III. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Case Study 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Competitor Analysis IV. Sales Analysis V. Profitability Analysis VI. Cross Elasticity of Demand: Competitors v/s iPhone VII. Demand, Cost and Pricing VIII. Pure competition, Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly IX. Conclusion X. References I. Introduction Apple Inc. (Apple) designs, manufactures and markets a range of personal computers, mobile communication and media devices, and portable digital music players, and sells a range of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. Itââ¬â¢s products and services include Macintosh (Mac) computers, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Apple TV, Xserve, a portfolio of consumer and professional software applications, the Mac OS X and iOS operating systems, third-party digital content and applications through the iTunes Store, and a range of accessory, service and support offerings. The Company sells its products globally through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force and third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. As of September 25, 2010, the Company had opened a total of 317 retail stores, including 233 stores in the United States and 84 stores internationally. II. Opening Case: Apple reveals the iPhone MACWORLD SAN FRANCISCOââ¬âJanuary 9, 2007ââ¬âAppleà ® today introduced iPhone, combining three productsââ¬âa revolutionary mobile phone, a widescreen iPodà ® with touch controls, and a breakthrough Internet communications device with desktop-class email, web browsing, searching and mapsââ¬âinto one small and lightweight handheld device. Phone introduces an entirely new user interface based on a large multi-touch display and pioneering new software, letting users control iPhone with just their fingers. iPhone also ushers in an era of software power and sophistication never before seen in a mobile device, which completely redefines what users can do on their mobile phones. ââ¬Å"iPhone is a revolutionary and magical product that is literally five years ahead of any other mobi le phone,â⬠said Steve Jobs, Appleââ¬â¢s CEO. We are all born with the ultimate pointing deviceââ¬âour fingersââ¬âand iPhone uses them to create the most revolutionary user interface since the mouse. â⬠iPhone is a Revolutionary Mobile Phone iPhone is a revolutionary new mobile phone that allows users to make calls by simply pointing at a name or number. iPhone syncs all of your contacts from your PC, Macà ® or Internet service such as Yahoo! , so that you always have your full list of up-to-date contacts with you. In addition, you can easily construct a favorites list for your most frequently made calls, and easily merge calls together to create conference calls. iPhoneââ¬â¢s pioneering Visual Voicemail, an industry first, lets users look at a listing of their voicemails, decide which messages to listen to, then go directly to those messages without listening to the prior messages. Just like email, iPhoneââ¬â¢s Visual Voicemail enables users to immediately randomly access those messages that interest them most. Phone includes an SMS application with a full QWERTY soft keyboard to easily send and receive SMS messages in multiple sessions. When users need to type, iPhone presents them with an elegant touch keyboard which is predictive to prevent and correct mistakes, making it much easier and more efficient to use than the small plastic keyboards on many smartphones. iPhone also includes a calendar application that allows calendars to be automatically synced with your PC or Mac. iPhone fea tures a 2 megapixel camera and a photo management application that is far beyond anything on a phone today. Users can browse their photo library, which can be easily synced from their PC or Mac, with just a flick of a finger and easily choose a photo for their wallpaper or to include in an email. iPhone is a quad-band GSM phone which also features EDGE and Wi-Fi wireless technologies for data networking. Apple has chosen Cingular, the best and most popular carrier in the US with over 58 million subscribers, to be Appleââ¬â¢s exclusive carrier partner for iPhone in the US. iPhone is a Widescreen iPod Phone is a widescreen iPod with touch controls that lets music lovers ââ¬Å"touchâ⬠their music by easily scrolling through entire lists of songs, artists, albums and playlists with just a flick of a finger. Album artwork is stunningly presented on iPhoneââ¬â¢s large and vibrant display. iPhone also features Cover Flow, Appleââ¬â¢s amazing way to browse your music library by album cover artwork, for the first time on an iPod. When navigating your music library on iPhone, you are automatically switched into Cover Flow by simply rotating iPhone into its landscape position. Phoneââ¬â¢s stunning 3. 5-inch widescreen display offers the ultimate way to watch TV shows and movies on a pocketable device, with touch controls for play-pause, chapter forward-backward and volume. iPhone plays the same videos purchased from the online iTunesà ® Store that users enjoy watching on their computers and iPods, and will soon enjoy watching on their widescreen televisions using the new Apple TVâ⠢. The iTunes Store now offers over 350 television shows, over 250 feature films and over 5,000 music videos. Phone lets users enjoy all their iPod content, including music, audiobooks, audio podcasts, video podcasts, music videos, television shows and movies. iPhone syncs content from a userââ¬â¢s iTunes library on their PC or Mac, and can play any music or video content they have purchased from the online iTunes store. iPhone is a Breakthrough Internet Communications Device iPhone features a rich HTML email client which fetches your email in the background from most POP3 or IMAP mail services and displays photos and graphics right along with the text. Phone is fully multi-tasking, so you can be reading a web page while downloading your email in the background. Yahoo! Mail, the worldââ¬â¢s largest email service with over 250 million users, is offering a new free ââ¬Å"pushâ⬠IMAP email service to all iPhone users that automatically pushes new email to a userââ¬â¢s iPhone, and can be set up by simply entering your Yahoo! name and password. iPhone will also work with most industry standard IMAP and POP based email services, such as Microsoft Exchange, Apple . Mac Mail, AOL Mail, Google Gmail and most ISP mail services. iPhone also features the most advanced and fun-to-use web browser on a portable device with a version of its award-winning Safariâ⠢ web browser for iPhone. Users can see any web page the way it was designed to be seen, and then easily zoom in to expand any section by simply tapping on iPhoneââ¬â¢s multi-touch display with their finger. Users can surf the web from just about anywhere over Wi-Fi or EDGE, and can automatically sync their bookmarks from their PC or Mac. Phoneââ¬â¢s Safari web browser also includes built-in Google Search and Yahoo! Search so users can instantly search for information on their iPhone just like they do on their computer. iPhone also includes Google Maps, featuring Googleââ¬â¢s groundbreaking maps service and iPhoneââ¬â¢s amazing maps application, offering the best maps experience by far on any pocket device. Users can view maps, satellite images, traffic information and get direct ions, all from iPhoneââ¬â¢s remarkable and easy-to-use touch interface. iPhoneââ¬â¢s Advanced Sensors Phone employs advanced built-in sensorsââ¬âan accelerometer, a proximity sensor and an ambient light sensorââ¬âthat automatically enhance the user experience and extend battery life. iPhoneââ¬â¢s built-in accelerometer detects when the user has rotated the device from portrait to landscape, then automatically changes the contents of the display accordingly, with users immediately seeing the entire width of a web page, or a photo in its proper landscape aspect ratio. iPhoneââ¬â¢s built-in proximity sensor detects when you lift iPhone to your ear and immediately turns off the display to save power and prevent inadvertent touches until iPhone is moved away. Phoneââ¬â¢s built-in ambient light sensor automatically adjusts the displayââ¬â¢s brightness to the appropriate level for the current ambient light, thereby enhancing the user experience and saving power at the same time. Pricing ; Availability iPhone will be available in the US in June 2007, Europe in late 2007, and Asia in 2008, in a 4GB model for $499 (US) and an 8GB model for $599 (US), and will work with either a PC or Mac. iPhone will be sold in the US through Appleââ¬â¢s retail and online stores, and through Cingularââ¬â¢s retail and online stores. Several iPhone accessories will also be available in June, including Appleââ¬â¢s new remarkably compact Bluetooth headset. iPhone includes support for quad-band GSM, EDGE, 802. 11b/g Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 2. 0 EDR wireless technologies. iPhone requires a Mac with a USB 2. 0 port, Mac OSà ® X v10. 4. 8 or later and iTunes 7; or a Windows PC with a USB 2. 0 port and Windows 2000 (Service Pack 4), Windows XP Home or Professional (Service Pack 2). Internet access is required and a broadband connection is recommended. Apple and Cingular will announce service plans for iPhone before it begins shipping in June. III. Competitor Analysis Market Share by OS Nokia still has a third of the overall mobile phone market. The average selling price of a Nokia Smartphone fell by 21% from 2009. Nokia is selling plenty of devices, but they are at the cheap end of the market. They lost what some in the industry refer to as ââ¬Å"mindshareâ⬠to Appleââ¬â¢s iPhone and the Google Android mobile software platform. Nokia wants to sell services ââ¬â music, maps, and applications ââ¬â as well as hardware but high-end phone users are looking elsewhere. The company says a new family of Smartphoneââ¬â¢s, led by the N8 released in 2010, will revive its fortunes at the top end of the market. Nokia chief executive Stephen Elop was forced to abandon the mobile phone giantââ¬â¢s in September 2010. The news that the Finnish firm might only break even in the second quarter of this year slashed 25 per cent off its value in 24 hours. Mobile phone manufacturer Nokia has announced it will shed 7,000 jobs from next year as part of a plan to refocus the company on Smartphone. The Finnish firm is moving from Symbian to Microsoftââ¬â¢s Smartphone technology. The firm recently confirmed the deal with Microsoft last week to jointly develop Smartphone technology, which will cut costs by about 1bn Euros a year. Under the terms of that deal, Nokia agreed to start using the Microsoftââ¬â¢s operating system on its Smartphone instead of its own Symbian platform. Nokiaââ¬â¢s response to the Smartphone threat from competitors such as Appleââ¬â¢s iPhone and phones using Googleââ¬â¢s Android system has been long been a key investor concern. Prior to the iPhone, Nokia was the king of mobile handsets. Now its share of the Smartphone market has plunged from 47 per cent to 27 per cent. It has also lost its ranking as the largest handset maker in terms of revenue to Apple. Android When Google decided to get into the Smartphone business it decided that Android devices would be everything that the iPhone was not. Apple one or two handsets, Google on the other hand was laying out a great number of handsets. Manufacturers such as HTC, LG and Motorola could use the new operating system for free. It enabled Google to have phones for every section of the market ââ¬â high powered and pricey, cheap and practical. Androidââ¬â¢s real selling point would be the apps. Here too, the policy was one of openness. Apple controlled its App store controlling every submission and rejecting those that contravened its rules. For Android anyone who had written an app could upload it. At first, users and app developers welcomed the free-and-easy approach. However, some have begun to question if Googleââ¬â¢s policy for the apps is the best way to manage the Market. Three years after its launch, hardware sales are booming. Yet sales of Android apps remain relatively poor. Estimates of Appleââ¬â¢s App store in 2010 were ? 1. billion. Android Market managed just ? 62 million. The figure was lower than both Blackberry App World (? 100m) and Nokiaââ¬â¢s Ovi store (? 64m). Research predicts massive improvements for Android by this time 2012 but it is still expected to lag far behind iOS. Finally Androidââ¬â¢s market share grew to surpass the Symbian platform used by Nokia making it the most sold Smartphone Microsoft Microsoft market share is declining in the Smartphone platform market. Windows Phone 7 lacks a number of features despite the innovation of its user interface. Microsoft hopes to gain market share once Nokia Windows Phones and its wide-ranging ââ¬Å"Mangoâ⬠software update get released later in 2011. Microsoft has unveiled the first major update to its Windows Phone 7 operating system it launched in 2010. The update, codenamed Mango, intdoduces more than 500 changes. Microsoftââ¬â¢s attempts to break into the Smartphone race have been mediocre at best. Currently, the company controls less than 4% of the market. Despite this, Microsoftââ¬â¢s Windows Phone 7 platform is forecasted to beat Android in 2013. Microsoft introduced Pocket PC in 2000, followed by Windows Mobile in 2003, prior to Apple and Androidââ¬â¢s release. However it still failed to compete in the market, or rival Symbian who controlled nearly 90% of the market share. Microsoft lacked the features and compatibility that Symbian was featuring at the time, and as a result, consumers refused to recognize its product or give Microsoft the opportunity to be a contender in the Smartphone industry. The platform was notoriously sluggish and the most difficult of any platform to use. Microsoft tried to solve some of these issues with minor tweaks and software updates over the years to little or no avail. As Windows Mobile market shares continued to decline, Microsoft had no other option than to overhaul the Microsoft platform and launch Windows Phone 7 in 2010. Windows Phone 7 was much improved. But Microsoft still failed to take control of the market, or garner any real significant attention from consumers. RIM Research In Motion has given up more ground to Apple and Google in the hypercompetitive Smartphone market, a report shows, while two brokerages cut their price targets for the BlackBerry maker on concerns it can no longer keep pace. The latest figures dropped RIM from second to third place. The Canadian companyââ¬â¢s struggle to compete is unlikely to get any easier, with Appleââ¬â¢s upcoming iCloud service expected to hurt RIM. IV. Sales Analysis Appleà produced some stellar results: revenues up 48% year-on-year to $13. 5bn, and profits up. The process is confused becauseà Apple has begun restating its year-ago earnings, to take into account the fact that it now recognizes income and revenue from subscription-based products such as theà iPhone(which may be sold on an 18-month contract) as soon as it gets it, rather than deferring it over the life of the device/contract as it used to. It began doing that in the most recent quarter, covering Christmas, which ââ¬â confusingly ââ¬â is the first quarter of its financial year. So previously, the second-quarter revenues were $8. 16bn, not the newly-restated $9. 08bn; the profits were $1. 21bn, not the now-given figure of $1. 62bn. The numbers also donââ¬â¢t include the iPad, because the quarter ended on March 31 ââ¬â the iPad was launched three days later. According to MacJournals, which chewed over the numbers, ââ¬Å"At $5. 445 billion, iPhone sales accounted for 40% of Appleââ¬â¢s revenue. All Mac sales were 28%, allà iPod/Music sales were 24%. Mac sales are 2. 943m units, generating revenue of $3. 76bn ââ¬â which Apple says was 33% year-on-year growth, compared to market growth of 24%. The companyââ¬â¢s market share of mobile subscribers has also taken a deep plunge. Market research firm comScore says that between October and January, Microsoftââ¬â¢s share of the market fell from 19. 7% to 15. 7%. RIM, the maker of the BlackBerry, remained the leader, growing from 41. 3% to 43%. Apple ââ¬Ës iPhone increased slightly, from 24. 8% to 25. 1%, and Googleââ¬â¢s Android grew by more than 250%, going from 2. 8% to 7. An interesting analysis comes from Tomi Ahonen, a former Nokia executive. ââ¬Å"I am writing the first history of the once-iconic iPhone, written now in early April 2010, before Apple has released its first quarter earnings for 2010. This is literally the peak of the short reign that Appleââ¬â¢s iPhone had as the most emulated Smartphone. [â⬠¦] And mark my words, the numbers are now very clear, Appleââ¬â¢s market share peak among smartphones, and among all handsets, on an annual basis, is being witnessed now. â⬠V. Profitability Analysis Apple reported in the second quarter of 2011 that net income rose 95 percent, to $5. 9 billion, or $6. 40 a share, from $3. 07 billion, or $3. 33 a share, in 2010. Revenue climbed 83 percent, to $24. 67 billion, from $13. 5 billion. The profit margin in 2011 is 22. 36% of the sales which is an improvement over the level the company achieved in 2010. The companyââ¬â¢s return of equity is 38. 78% while in 2010 it was 26. 2% which means that there is a 12. 58% increase on the return of equity. The gross margin is 39. 07% which is slightly better than the company achieved in 2010. VI. Cross Elasticity of Demand: Competitors V/s iPhone When the iphone 3GS was released on July 11, 2008 it cost $199 with the AT;T two year contract. In January 2011 Apple cut the iphone 3GS price to $50. cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for product A% ? in price for product B %? in price for iphone: Price of Iphone 3GS, 2010 + Price of Iphone 3GS, 2011? Price of Iphone = 199 + 5050-199 = -1. 671% With the Market share OS table above we can compute the % ? I demand for prodct competing with the iphone. %? in demand for Symbian = Symbian market share of Q1 2011 ââ¬â Symbian market share of 2010 = 27. 4% ââ¬â 37. 6% = -8. % Symbian-iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for Symbian% ? in price for Iphone = -8. 6%-1. 671% = 5. 146 %? in demand for Android = Android market share of Q1 2011 ââ¬â Android market share of 2010 = 36% ââ¬â 22. 7% = 13. 3% Android -iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for Android% ? in price for Iphone = 13. 3%-1. 671% = -7. 959 %? in demand for R IM = RIM market share of Q1 2011 ââ¬â RIM market share of 2010 = 12. 9% ââ¬â 16. 0% = -3. 1% RIM -iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for RIM% ? in price for Iphone = -3. 1%-1. 671% = 1. 855 ? in demand for Microsoft = Microsoft market share of Q1 2011 ââ¬â Microsoft market share of 2010 = 3. 6% ââ¬â 4. 2% = -0. 6% Microsoft -iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for Microsoft % ? in price for Iphone = -0. 6%-1. 671% = 0. 359 The price elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of quantity demanded by a change of 1 percent in price. It is calculated by dividing the percentage change in the demanded quantity by the corresponding percentage change in price. The iPhone was launched in the US roughly at the beginning of the second Quarter 2008, at a price of $599. In mid September Apple reduced the price for the iPhone by 33% from $599 to $434. According to the quarterly reports, Apple sold 270 000 iPhones in the second quarter and 1,119 000 iPhones in the third quarter. If calculated according to the equation for price elasticity of demand, the iPhone would have a price elasticity of 4. 7, which means that Apple would lose almost 4. 7 percent of iPhone sales for each corresponding 1 percent increase in price. Since elasticity is greater than 1 the price is inelastic so the iPhone is a luxury commodity. Many consumers wait until increased competition forces Apple to decrease prices. VII. Demand, Cost ; Pricing Demand Appleââ¬â¢s iPhone Supply and Demand Concept of Supply and Demand There is a general rule in economics that if the price of a certain good or service rises, then the demand for such good or service declines. If the price decreases, then potential demand also increases (inverse relationship). On the supply side, if the price of a good or service increases, then firms will be willing to supply the market with higher volume of such good or service. If the price decreases, then firms will cut their supply of the good or service (positive relationship. The market then adjusts the price of the good or service in order to satisfy both the consumers and the suppliers. This is called market equilibrium. Apple iPhone Demand Last July, Apple iPhone was able to outsell all smart phones in the United States. It almost equaled the sales of the most popular feature phone (LG chocolate), giving it a relatively stable position in the market. New Apple handset models accounted for almost 1 . of all phone handset sales in the US for about a month. It was estimated that the demand for Apple iPhone was rising at7 . 2 a month, equivalent to about 5 million units of quantity demanded. The market research firm iSuppli noted ââ¬Å"This is a remarkable accomplishment for Apple, considering that July marked the first full month of sales for the iPhone. While iSuppli has not collected historical information on this topic, itââ¬â¢s likely that the s peed of the iPhone ââ¬Ës rise to competitive dominance in its segment is unprecedented in the history of the mobile-handset market (Marsal ,2007 . In short , almost unexpected rise in demand of Apple iPhone was unaccounted by many experts , including of which are some of its competitors . The same research firm also noted that survey revealed that almost 57 of iPhones (bought in July ) were purchased by US consumers . Most of the consumers are aged 17-35. Almost 52 of the consumers of this product are male, and about 48 are female, revealing an almost equal propensity to consume for the product among the sexes. Added to that, iSuppli noted that 62 of the consumers of the product are actually college graduates or those with graduate courses . Nonetheless , the same research firm noted that ââ¬Å"some of the iPhone ââ¬Ës success in July can be attributed to pent-up demand following months of hype (stagnant demand). Real proof of success will come in the coming months as demand patterns stabilize (Marsal, 2007). This prediction was almost accurate when the demand for iPhone was almost rising at 8 per month (month of June). Cost Appleââ¬â¢s Iphone 4 smartphone, for which itââ¬â¢s charging at least $500 at retail, is built of parts that cost $187. 51, according to market research firm Isuppli. According to the tear-down the most expensive part of the Iphone 4 is the 3. 5-inch LCD screen which costs $28. 50. Isuppli thinks that the Iphone 4 screen must be identical to one made by LG. It seems that Apple has managed to keep its parts cost at about $170 to $180 per unit. Isuppliââ¬â¢s cost estimate doesnââ¬â¢t include labour, shipping, advertising, software development or patent licensing. The cost is based on a 16GB version of the Iphone 4 but the low costs of each componant are fairly staggering. The Apple A4 processor reportedly is made by Samsung Electronics for $10. 75 per chip. Isuppli thinks that Geneva-based STMicroelectronics supplied the gyroscope chip at an estimated cost of $2. 60, as well as an accelerometer chip used in previous Iphone versions, which has an estimated cost of 65 cents. Other component suppliers named by Isuppli include Skyworks, a wireless chipmaker and TriQuint Semiconductor. In 2009, Isuppli estimated that the components and materials used in the iPhone 3GS cost about $179. Since then Isuppli thinks that the materials costs for that model have fallen to $134. Thus the Iphone 4 costs a bit more to make than the earlier model. Of course this means that Appleââ¬â¢s gross margin on the hardware in Iphones is extremely high. The actual price margin gets obscured by the fact that ATT heavily subsidises the phone in the US for about what it costs to manufacture. However the real winner is Apple, which does not have to pay for the cost of manufacture and still takes home about three times Iphone 4 production costs, on average. Pricing Because the iPhone price is entirely set by Apple, it makes an interesting case study on how much the price of technology drops over time. The official price of the iPhone periodically drops, as shown in the table below. But, there are no sales and a new iPhone is never sold for less than the official price. (There are occasionally sales on the refurbished iPhones for example on black Friday the refurbished 3GS was sold for $50. 00 instead of the usual $150. 00. )à Finding historical street price data is harder than historical MSRP data. For the iPhone both prices are the same. The table showing the historical price is included below. 1st Gen 4GB| 1st Gen 8GB| 3G| 3GS 16GB| 3GS 32GB| 29 June 2007| $499. 0*| $599*| N/A| N/A| N/A| 5 Sept 2007| Discontinued| $399| N/A| N/A| N/A| June 2008| N/A| N/A| $199| N/A| N/A| June 2009| N/A| N/A| $99| $199| $299| VIII. Pure competition, Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Apple Inc. planned to begin producing this year a new iPhone that could allow U. S. phone carriers other than ATT Inc. to sell the iconic gadget, said people briefed by the company. The new iPhone would work on a type of wireless network called CDMA, these people said. CDMA is used by Verizon Wireless, ATTââ¬â¢s main competitor, as well as Sprint Nextel Corp. nd a handful of cellular operators in countries including South Korea and Japan. The vast majority of carriers world-wide, including AT;T, use another technology called GSM. With Apple developing a phone with CDMA capability, its exclusive U. S. arrangement with AT;T dating to 2007 appears set to end. Verizon Wireless, owned by Verizon Communications Inc. and Vodafone Group PLC, declined to comment. An AT;T spokesman said: ââ¬Å"There has been lots of incorrect speculation on CDMA iPhones for a long time. We havenââ¬â¢t seen one yet and only Apple knows when that might occur. â⬠Apple declined to comment. For AT;T, the Apple relationship has been crucial, helping to make the carrier the U. S. leader in lucrative smart-phone market share. According to comScore Inc. , AT;T has over 43% of all U. S. smart-phone customers, compared with 23% for Verizon. These customers are especially attractive because they generally pay higher monthly rates for data plans. For several quarters, AT;Tââ¬â¢s growth has come almost single-handedly from the iPhone. In the fourth quarter of 2009, the carrier said it activated 3. 1 million new iPhones. In comparison, it counted only a net total of 2. million new subscribers as some customers moved from other phones to iPhones. Now that a new Verizon-compatible iPhone appears to be on the horizon, Digits looks at what Apple can do to win over mobile business users, particularly from RIMMââ¬â¢s BlackBerry market. The people briefed on the matter said the upgraded GSM iPhone is being made by Taiwanese contract manufacturer Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. , wh ich produced Appleââ¬â¢s previous iPhones. The CDMA iPhone model is being made by Pegatron Technology Corp. , the contract manufacturing subsidiary of Taiwanââ¬â¢s ASUSTeK Computer Inc. said these people. One person familiar with the situation said Pegatron is scheduled to start mass producing CDMA iPhones in September. Other people said, however, that the schedule could change and the phone may not be available to consumers immediately after production begins. Representatives of Pegatron and Hon Hai declined to comment. Verizon has publicly stated its interest in the iPhone, but people familiar with the situation said Apple originally decided against developing a phone for Verizon to keep its development process simple, since the technologies are incompatible. Verizon also is upgrading its network to a higher-speed technology, so Apple has said it believed CDMA was a short-term technology. Apple later changed its mind as it realized Verizonââ¬â¢s upgrade would take longer than expected, said people familiar with the situation. Making the iPhone available through Verizon, which has over 91 million customers, as well as potentially other CDMA carriers could open up a significant new market. In 2009, iPhone sales globally rose 83% to 25. million, far outpacing the 20% to 25% growth in smart phones sales overall, according to Bernstein. But since Apple already dominates smart-phone sales through existing partners, ââ¬Å"sooner rather than later, Apple is going to have to look to find incremental distribution,â⬠which implies a monopolistic competition between all smart phone sellers, said Bernstein analyst Toni Sacconaghi. He estimates Verizon could help Apple nearly double the number of iPhone users in the U. S. Some advantages that iPhone has comparing to other smart phones are: 1. Pod: iPhone is a not just a phone it is widescreen iPod with touch controls that lets you enjoy all your content ââ¬â including music, audiobooks, videos, TV shows, and movies ââ¬â on a beautiful 3. 5-inch widescreen display (Nokia N95 only has a 2. 6 inch screen). The N95 does have a good media player, however with all the iPod features and 4 GB / 8 GB space, it makes the iPhone the best music phone. 2. Advanced Safari browser: iPhone lets you see any web page the way it was designed to be seen, then easily zoom in by simply tapping on the multi-touch display with your finger which will change mobile browsing for the good. . OS X: All the power and sophistication of an advanced operating system that gives you access to true desktop-class applications and software, including rich HTML email, applications such as widgets, Safari, calendar, text messaging, Notes, and Address Book etc. iPhone is fully multi-tasking, so you can read a web page while downloading your email in the background. This software completely redefines what you can do with a mobile phone. 4. User Interface: iPhone features the most revolutionary user interface since the mouse. Itââ¬â¢s an entirely new interface based on a large multi-touch display and innovative new software that lets you control everything using only your fingers. 5. Visual Voicemail: The iPhone lets you select and listen to voicemail messages in whatever order you want ââ¬â just like email using a revolutionary new feature called the visual voicemail. IX. Conclusion Analyzing as managerial economics students, we can conclude that although the current methods and techniques are serving us well in analyzing the current market situation, there will be new techniques emerging in the future with global changes occurring at leaping speeds. What is essential is for us to grasp is that the theory is flexible with these changes and that it can be shaped or rounded to be applied to any market situation analysis. The content and subjects we learned in this course are nothing but the bedrock tools that any manager needs to know and use in his daily life in order to forecast revenues and demand, analyze current markets and evaluate his companyââ¬â¢s stance regarding his competitors. X. References ttp://theblogpaper. co. uk/article/business/31may09/price-elasticity-demand-iphone http://news. cnet. com/8301-13506_3-20064223-17. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-10725887 http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-13284156 http://m. ibtimes. com/microsoft-windows-phone7-google-android-apple-157595. html http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/06/03/us-rim-research-ubs-idUSTRE7523PP20110603 www. newyorktimes. com www. wallstreetjournal. com How to cite Apple Case Study 1, Free Case study samples Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-77152206132624389122020-05-01T19:12:00.001-07:002020-05-01T19:12:03.631-07:00Act 4 Scene 1 is the dramatic climax to the play Essay Example For Students Act 4 Scene 1 is the dramatic climax to the play Essay The Merchant of Venice is a comedy play written by William Shakespeare in Elizabethan times. Antonio who is a merchant of Venice agrees to lend his friend Bassanio money so he is able to go to Belmont to woo Portia. All Antonios ship where out at sea so he had to seek money elsewhere which is when he became bound to Shylock. Shylock is a Jewish usurer and made his money by lending it out and charging interest. When Antonio approaches Shylock for a loan, he makes him promise to forfeit a pound of flesh if he is unable to pay back the money within three months. Shylocks then finds out that his daughter, Jessica had eloped with Lorenzo who is a Christian. Which doesnt please Shylock as theres a dispute between Christians and Jew, for Jews were seen as evil in Elizabethan times.. Bassanio, accompanied by his friend Gratiano depart for Belmont, once they arrive Bassanio falls in love with Portia and chooses the right casket but their happiness is interrupted by the news of Antonios ship not arriving so the bond goes to court. We are first introduced to shylock in Act I Scene 3 where we learn of his usury and a lot about his character and intentions. He is considered an alien in Venice as he dresses differently, comes from a different back ground and culture. We also learn of Shylocks hatred towards Christians and Antonio, before he even says a word to Antonio he lets the audience now of his hatred towards Antonio. How like a fawning publican he looks! I hate him for he is a Christian. Shylock also shows an element of belligerence in his refusal to ever forgive the Christians. We also see how devious and cunning he is in the way he tells Antonio he wants to be friends with him and saying the bond is just a merry sport. By getting Antonio to agree he has made him indebt, no just with money but his life. Although Antonio is very naive in the way he accepts the bond, knowing that they arent exactly the best of friends and being so confident in thinking that he will be able to pay him back on time. Perhaps Shylock feels justified in seeking revenge upon Antonio as he blames him for all his problems and is bitter about the way Antonio has treated him the past. As he has humiliated Shylock in public by spitting on him in public and calling him names such as dog and cutthroat jew. Shylock tells the audience how he hopes for revenge Antonio for his own humiliation and for the Jews who have suffered for a long time because of Christians. So through the bond he will be able to bring justice to himself and other jews. When Jessica runs away with a Christian this makes him more revengeful towards Antonio Ill plague him, Ill torture him, Im glad of it. In the scenes directly before the trial scene, Act 4 Scene 1 we really learn how revengeful Shylock is. In the way he repeats I will have my bond Showing how fixed on what he wants and how he is unwilling to show mercy. The trial scene takes place in Venice which has very much been portrayed as the mens world. Where businesses transactions have taken place and all the hatred have taken place. Where as Belmont is seen as the womens world full of love and peace. The main contrast between Venice and Belmont is that one is where money is made and the other is where money is spent. Another contrast is in the way Shakespeare interacts the cities by moving from one to the other in each scene. When we hear of Shylocks hatred and the bond the tension builds up. Then it moves to Belmont to a world of romance. A big contrast is in the courtroom scene and the opening of scene 5 which takes place on a romantic night in Belmont. Shylock and Antonio ended up in court as a result of Antonios ship not returning in time. Antonio is brought before the Duke to stand trial for failing to pay off his debt to Shylock so he now must give a pound of his flesh to Shylock like said in the bond. The Duke is biassed towards Antonio even though hes meant to be impartial, but cant find any legal way to realise him from the bond so he tries to persuade Shylock to change his mind by appealing to his better nature. Shylock replied that he has already sworn by his Sabbath that he would have his pound of flesh from Antonio. Shylock admits that he cant give a clear reason why he wants his bond Can I give no reason, nor I will not. Shylock is stubborn and bitter as he is unwilling to show mercy or accept money which means a lot to him. Bassanio offers his life over Antonios and Portias money but he refuses bother of these. In a way hes cornered like an animal as everyone is against him even though the law is on his side. Maybe hes legal right but morally perhaps not. Its an inhumane act. He argues if the refuse to give him his bound it would ruin the reputation of the Venice as a city of international trade. We see on set Shylock sharping his knife on the sole of his shoe which is very dramatic. It brings out a lot of different emotions in the audience: shock that hes about to do it, sympathy for Antonio, gladness that at Shylock is getting justice and the suspension in whether its going to be carried through. Romeo and Juliet' is a play written by Sir William Shakespeare EssayHe begins to leaves, shocked by what had just happened and tries to withdraw the case but Portia stops him by saying Tarry Jew her language that she speaks to Shylock has changed since she pronounced the flaw. Which is a subtle dramatic effect. Everyone in the courtroom talk to Shylock using Thee and Thou which is used when talking to some of lower status characters. Even the Duke whos suppose to be impartial uses this language towards Shylock but speaks to Antonio in You and Your. When Portia first enters shes the only one who speaks to Shylock with respect and uses You and Your which helped lure him in to a false sense of security. After she tells him about not shedding any blood her language changes and her words become more disrespectful Tarry Jew. She now begins to state how Venice had a law that if any foreigner tried to kill a Venetian directly or indirectly, the foreigner had to forfeit all that he/she owned. Half of their property would go to the victim they plotted against and the other half to the state. In addition the life of the foreigner would be at the mercy of the Duke. Again this would be another shock for the audience and maybe they would think Portia was carrying it out a bit far. As Shylock had suffered enough from the Christians and may feel it was a bit injustice but on the other hand he had shown no mercy towards Antonio. So all the time throughout this scene we are faced with two strongly justified arguments which give the audience mix emotions. The Duke pardoned Shylock before he begged for mercy but Shylock argued that since all his property would be taken away, he would rather die as his property is his life. Nay, take my life and all; pardon not that: You take my house, when you do take the prop That doth sustain my house; you take my life When you do take the means whereby I live Antonio then comes in Shylocks behalf and asks the Duke to allow Shylock to keep half of his wealth. He then asks to keep the half and keep it as a form of inheritance for Jessica and Lorenzo. However Antonio requests that Shylock should convert to a Christianity and all he owns goes to Jessica and Lorenzo once he dies. Shylock cant do anything but accept. Again the audience would have mixed emotions about how fairly Shylock was treated. Maybe he deserved to forfeit all that he had but have to become a Christian when Jews are very religious people is a bit over the top and unfair. As he could never be a true Christian as he doesnt believe in the faith. So there is an element of just desert and sympathy towards Shylock. To relax the mood Shakespeare and to get the interest of the audience back, the Duke ask Antonio and Bassanio to show their thanks to Portia. They offer Portia her own money which is ironic and amusing and tires to get Bassanio to give her the ring which she made him promise never to take off no matter as it is a symbol of there eternal love. He refuses to give her it and then she leaves without it, as she was testing his love for her to the utter most. He calls it a trifle which is ironic as Portia gave it him as a sign of their love and it takes him three comments before he says the real reason in why he doesnt want to give it up. Once she had left Antonio manages to persuade him to give it to Portia. Which shows how is love for Antonio is greater than his love for Portia, also as he was willing to give it all up for Antonio. Although the play was written to be comical, humour has changed throughout the years and isnt what we would comedy today. The issues to do with racism still exist today, although I do feel it isnt as strong as in the Elizabethan times but it is still a big issue nowadays. The attitude that Shakespeare paints with Shylock is one of the reason why racism is still around today. One thing that has really changed and is no longer a relevance in todays society apart from in the developing countries of the world is that women are no longer restricted in what they can do as much. There is still many people though who think of women as the weaker sex. Act 4 Scene 1 is most definitely the dramatic climax to the play as in a way it unites the two cites Belmont and Venice by bringing the women into Venice. Also it unites some of the sub-plots with the main plot, the bond. The scene is unpredictable in the way you think one things going to happen but Shakespeare cleverly entwines the flaws at unexpected times, when you think its all over. I do feel though some of the dramatic effects loose their impact as it isnt a believer able story. Maybe for the time it was but the realisticness is lost today. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-58910907715759850472020-03-22T02:09:00.001-07:002020-03-22T02:09:02.807-07:00Table Of Contents Introduction Table 1Effects Of LSD A Brief Foray In Table of Contents Introduction Table 1:Effects of LSD A Brief Foray Into Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences The Suspects Figure 1: Structure of LSD Overview of Synaptic Transmission Theory: LSD Pre-synaptically Inhibits 5-HT Neurons Theory: LSD Post-synaptically Antagonizes 5-HT2 Receptors Figure 2: LSD Binding at 5-HT2 Receptor Theory: LSD Post-synaptically Partially Agonizes 5-HT2 Receptors Theory: LSD Post-synaptically Agonizes 5-HT1 Receptors Conclusion References Introduction The psychedelic effects of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 (LSD) were discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman by accident in 1938. In the 1950s and 1960s, LSD was used by psychiatrists for analytic psychotherapy. It was thought that the administration of LSD could aid the patient in releasing repressed material. It was also suggested that psychiatrists themselves might develop more insight into the pathology of a diseased mind through self experimentation. 1,2 During the late 60s, LSD became popular a s a recreational drug. While it has been suggested that recreational use of the drug has dropped, a recent report on CNN claimed that 4.4% of 8th graders have tried it. LSD is considered to be one of, if not the, most potent hallucinogenic drug known. Small doses of LSD (1/2 - 2 ug/kg body weight) result in a number of system wide effects that could be classified into somatic, psychological, cognitive, and perceptual categories. These effects can last between 5 and 14 hours. Table 1: Effects of LSD 1, 2, 3 Somatic Psychological Cognitive Perceptual mydriasis hallucinations disturbed thought processes increased stimulus from environment hyperglycemia depersonalization difficulty expressing thoughts changes in shape/color hyperthermia reliving of repressed memories impairment of reasoning synaesthesia (running together of sensory modalities) piloerection mood swings (related to set and setting) impairment of memory - esp. integration of short -> long term disturbed perception of time vomiting euphoria lachrymation megalomania hypotension schizophrenic-like state respiratory effects are stimulated at low doses and depressed at higher doses reduced "defenses", subject to "power of suggestion" brachycardia The study of hallucinogens such as LSD is fundamental to the neurosciences. Science thrives on mystery and contradiction; i ndeed without these it stagnates. The pronounced effects that hallucinogens have throughout the nervous system have served as potent demonstrations of difficult to explain behavior. The attempts to unravel the mechanisms of hallucinogens are closely tied to basic research in the physiology of neuroreceptors, neurotransmitters, neural structures, and their relation to behavior. This paper will first examine the relationship between neural activity and behavior. It will then discuss some of the neural populations and neurotransmitters that are believed to by effected by LSD. The paper will conclude with a more detailed discussion of possible ways that LSD can effect the neurotransmitter receptors which are probably ultimately responsible for its LSD. A Brief Foray Into Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences Modern physics is divided by two descriptions of the universe: the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Many physicists have faith that at some point a "Grand Unified Theory" will be developed which will provide a unified description of the universe from subatomic particles to the movement of the planets. Like in physics, the cognitive sciences can describe the brain at different levels of abstraction. For example, neurobiologists study brain function at the level of neurons while psychologists look for the laws describing behavior and cognitive mechanisms. Also like in physics, many in these fields believe that it is possible that one day we will be able to understand complicated behaviors in terms of neuronal mechanisms. Others believe that this unification isn't possible even in theory because there is some metaphysical quality to consciousness that transcends neural firing patterns. Even if consciousness can't be described by a "Grand Unified Theory" of the cognitive sciences, it is apparent that many of our cognitive mechanisms and behaviors can. While research on the level of neurons and psychological mechanisms is fairly well developed, the area in between these is rather murky. Some progress has been made however. Cognitive scientists have been able to associate mechanisms with areas of the brain and have also been able to describe the effects on these systems by various neurotransmitters. For example, disruption of hippocampal activity has been found to result in a deficiency in consolidating short term to long term memory. Cognitive disorders such as Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-60650269039026909282020-03-05T16:33:00.001-08:002020-03-05T16:33:03.528-08:00Welfare Reformation Essays - Public Economics, Medicine, Free EssaysWelfare Reformation Essays - Public Economics, Medicine, Free Essays Welfare Reformation TITLE} This week we offered a plan to end welfare as we know ita plan that will encourage personality and help strengthen our families through tougher child support, more education and training, and an absolute requirement to go to work after a period of time. -Bill Clinton, radio address, 6/18/94 The welfare system is in deep distress. From the time of Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the current reigning of Bill Clinton, many a bills have been brought for to reform it. Originally, Roosevelt established the system as a type of government stripend to financially challenged individuals; however, it was not intended to act as a dependent income for them (Tucker 45). Even though many changes have been made over the past three years, it has not made much of an impact on the problems at hand (Pear). Officials discovered that many welfare recipients misuse the benefits. Studies have shown that the welfare system should begin by providing job placement, ending benefits for illegitimacy, and educating the young. First, the aspect of job placement is directly related to the misuse of welfare. In order to succeed at rising employment rates, current wages have to increase dramatically. A welfare check ranges form $5.53 to $17.50 an hour; in a like manner, minimum wage is less than an hourly welfare check (Tilly 8). People desire the higher money of a welfare check to that of a low-paying job (Tweedie 117; Tanner 18). This dependency on receiving the check causes many problems not just with the current generation, but future generations will also be similarly affected. These children are acquiring the habits of their parent or parents, thus creating a permanent underclass (Tucker 45). Economic incentives for staying on welfare should be abolished. People should no longer be allowed to remain on the system for extended periods of time. In accordance with the lesser incentives, the government should place more emphasis on raising the current hourly wage (Haskins 126). Most importantly, the government needs to portray a working world in which job training is not only the standard, but also the required (Tanner 17). Providing jobs with training not only educates the person, but also supplies him or her with opportunities to acquire a better paying job with a future (Willis 4). This training would not just teach skills, but it would make job development workers move more people into the mainstream (Garr 193). In Wisconsin, Republican legislators have devised a method of reform called W-2 Wisconsin Works. W-2 is a work program that would require all recipients over eighteen to work for cash assistance (Tweedie 117). Many welfare recipients are often stereotyped as lazy; moreover, these recipients need to take charge of their lives (Leavitt 22). They need to realize that they are capable of doing competent work. They have to compete to prosper. Second, illegitimacy needs to be curbed by stopping aid to promiscuous mothers who continue to have out-of-wedlock pregnancies. The establishment of anti-illegitimacy policies is imperative. These policies should propose to stop payment to unwed others (Haskins 126). The government should not reward for illegitimacy. According to Ron Haskins, Trying to help poor children by giving their underage mothers cash will often simply produce more poor children, reformers argued. Wise societies don't reward births outside of marriage in this way (Haskins 126). If a young woman becomes pregnant again, she does not have to make a choice between living at home with her parents or finding a husband. She simply can continue to produce more illegitimate children. This reoccurrence of illegitimacy is exactly one of the reasons that a stopping of incentives is needed (Tucker 45). In a like manner, the most effective way to reduce births is with a family cap. The family cap is a provision that denies greater cash to women who continue to have births while receiving welfare (Donovan 73). It is designed to discourage out-of-wedlock births (Sollom 41). The government needs to include a child exclusion provision like both China and Japan currently have (Donovan 73). Disincentives are required to act as the primary strategy for regulating poor women's reproductive behaviors (Sollom 41). This unorthodox behavior causes much strain on the welfare system, since the state rewards extra money for additional children. Third, the Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-12937921070055734852020-02-18T08:00:00.001-08:002020-02-18T08:00:03.392-08:00Islam in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1Islam in America - Essay Example To begin with, it must be noted that there are several scenes when Muslim inmates are shown praying. Indeed, a prayer is an important element of Islam: the believers are supposed to start praying as soon as they hear a spiritual leader. However ââ¬Å"if they are too far from a mosque to hear the call to prayer, they have to rely on a time tableâ⬠(Wood 12). This is quite peculiar since it shows that even in prison the Muslims were willing to follow their spiritual tradition. In other words, the people who violated rule and regulations that were imposed by the society want to adhere to the religious rules instead. Some might suggest that this shows that spiritual law has more power for some people than secular. In addition to that, there is a peculiar scene at the end of the movie. One of the supporting characters, Javed, was shot and agreed to sacrifice himself so that the main characters would escape. When he is finally defeated and is about to be killed, he looks straight in the eyes of his future killer and says ââ¬Å"Allahu Akbarâ⬠. What is surprising is that ââ¬Å"ââ¬â¢Allahu Akbarââ¬â¢ a phrase that many Americans associate with Muslim terroristsâ⬠. Nevertheless, this movie shows that even a criminal who is a Muslim is willing to make these words his last. Therefore, the movie wanted to imply that people may be wrong while thinking of it as a chant of terrorism.So, the movie in question also makes some important remarks about the role that religion plays in the American society. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-29465667136182908332020-02-03T18:19:00.001-08:002020-02-03T18:19:02.868-08:00Silk Road Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsSilk Road - Essay Example ââ¬Å"Both terms for this network of roadsâ⬠, as Joshua J Mark notes, ââ¬Å"were coined by the German geographer and traveler, Ferdinand von Richthofen, in 1877 CE, who designated them `Seidenstrasseââ¬â¢ (silk road) or `Seidenstrassenââ¬â¢ (silk routes)â⬠(Pars. 1). After its establishment during the Han Dynasty in 130 BCE, the commercial routes have been regularly used by different peoples until the Ottomans imposed blockade on the routes in 1453 CE in order to cut off the Europeansââ¬â¢ commercial relation with the East. Along the passage of time, the routes have played significant roles in the international military as well as cultural relationships among the ancient and medieval nations. At any given point of history, the ââ¬Å"Silk Routesâ⬠also have ââ¬Å"played the role of a determiner of international relationshipâ⬠(Elisseeff 45). Therefore, the routes have undergone various transformations, additions and often contractions according to the natures of the existing socio-political, geographical and cultural milieus of the world. Early History of the Silk Routes Historians popularly believe that the ââ¬Å"Silk Routesâ⬠had been established in 130 BCE during the Han Dynasty. But in reality, its history dates back in the 5th century BCE to the 3rd century BCE, when the commercial relationships among the nations were being determined by the imperial influences and control over countries and nations. Before Alexanderââ¬â¢s military enterprise began to expand eastward, the commercial relationship of Europe with Eastern nations was not that deep and intense. Instead, the Greeks and the Romans would maintain their commercial and trade relationship with few of the Middle Eastern nations such the Syrians and the Persians who were then in control of the Achaemenid Empire, and sometimes, with the Indian nations through the ââ¬Å"Persian Royal Roadâ⬠which would ââ¬Å"come to serve as one of the main arteries of the Silk Road, was established during the Achaemenid Empire (500-330 BCE)â⬠(Mark pars. 2). In fact, the commercial route between the Greeks-Romans and the Middle-Eastern had been facilitated by the Mare Internum maritime route, in the Mediterranean Sea, which easily connected the Greeks and the Roman City states with the Middle East, and by the Syrian-Persian Terrain which was much friendly to the merchants. This western commercial route, which stretched to the Indian Subcontinent, achieved individuality because of its contribution to the growth of regional commerce among those countries (Elisseeff 56-62). Though the Persian Achaemenids maintained intermittent trade relationship with the Chinese, it was not as frequent as it was with the Greeks and the Romans. After Alexander the Great conquered the Persians in 339 BCE, the root of the ââ¬ËPersian Royal Roadââ¬â¢ (the predecessor of the Silk Routes) further became solidified. Yet the westââ¬â¢s commercial relationship wit h China did not open up. By the time, the Greco Bactrian was ruling in Fergana Valley of Neb of Tajikistan, Central Asia, the Han Dynasty was struggling against the nomadic Mongolian invaders of the Xiongu on the north-western border of China. The harassments Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-5809462348898550952020-01-26T14:43:00.001-08:002020-01-26T14:43:05.823-08:00Disadvantages Of Moving To A Paperless OfficeDisadvantages Of Moving To A Paperless Office The growth in the economy of a country immediately raises the demands for several products to make business work. These demands will in turn influence the growing production and increased output which requires additional energy to run the production machines. Both issues, while common in business, have potential to cause long-term problems; especially when dealing with environmental issues. In product development for instance, corporations are driven to develop and produce new products that comply with environmental requirements like environmentally-safe packaging and fuel-efficient vehicles using hybrid technology. These issues highlight that the future of business is so challenging that innovation becomes the key focus to win business. The development of technology spawns new trends in our business environment. One of the emerging technologies in the information era is a paperless office that benefits from the digitalization of documents. Most of these trends, like any other, possess both advantages and disadvantages. Paperless Office In this paper I am discussing the popular concept of a paperless office. However, the discussion will focus on its issues and disadvantage rather than its benefits. History of Paperless Office In the 1970s there were predictions regarding an office which doesnt require any use of paper. One of those predictions can be viewed in an edition of Business Week in 1975 (The Office of the Future, 1975). It was a dream of an office in 1975 that, in the future, paper would be obsolete. According to some predictions, offices would not require any paper because everything was processed and stored digitally through various technologies. The predictions stemmed from the birth of Personal Computers (Selen, 2001). In reality however, these predictions are still the stuff of cinema. A paperless office as predicted above has never been fully implemented. On the contrary, for most offices today, the presence of the personal computer has not radically reduced using papers as output. People have been swayed away with the easiness of writing or drawing within a personal computer only to then print them on a piece of paper; forgetting the dreams that were present before. Current Expectations Regarding Paperless Office Today, when the need for efficiency has been called for, we return to the hope of a paperless office. The concept has been slightly modified however in the realization that paper has been a part of our daily lives and that the use of personal computers in the 1990s has produced the need for more paper. The concept of Paperless Office is now a philosophy; one of working with minimal paper, using processes that eliminate the use of paper, and to make documentation in digital form whenever possible. The main focus is no longer on how much paper is used, but on the efficiency that is gained from the process towards a Paperless Office (McIndoo, 2009). Processes of Paperless office There are two methods of transforming a company into paperless office. The first is by automating the processes that generally use paper as an essential tool. Technologies that exist in facilitating that process are: Enterprise Data Automation Software. Software used to integrate forms and data with systems that processes them. Form Technology. Software used to design various types of forms. Using forms is no longer necessary if people performing business transactions have personal computers with form technology in it. Databases. Device to replace the function of a filing cabinet. Data is made into digital form and then stored in a database with sufficient security technology in it. Digital Signature. Software allows evidence of signature in digital form. Papers are generally used as business evidences. This is required in business transactions to generate legal binding between two or more parties. Workflow Platforms. Process flow of an office. Paper documents are generally used to transfer a data to other departments so that it can continue doing what is needed next. This flow of work can now be documented and transferred in digital form, using the workflow platforms. The second method of pursuing the paperless office is data storage transformation. In a general office, the data is conventionally stored and protected in a filing cabinet or in warehouses. This generally ends up creating piles of useless scrap paper rather than useful files. Using the Paperless Office technology, all this data can be transformed to a digital form very easily. Some of the tools available to support this process are scanners, book copiers, photo scanners, microfiche scanners, negative scanners, fax to PDF converter, and document management systems. (The Economist, 2008). Issues in Implementing Paperless Office Despite the benefits that are offered by the presence of the concept, the paperless office also generates several problems in implementation that have not yet been overcome. In order to make ease of our understanding, these issues will be divided into the two methods below. Issues in Digitizing the Work-Flow In digitizing the office processes, issues that arise include: Difficulty in Submitting and Signing Digital Documents. It is foreseeable that we can process documents digitally with sufficient practicality. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to image a digital station that can be transferred to our clients desks, so that he/she can sign it. This process is made more complicated if we are to think about the legal implications of digital work processing. It is still a huge question whether digital signature can be used as legal evidence or not. End-user Adoption of the New Processes is Difficult. The issue of getting all divisions of a group of large companies on board regarding the digital processing system can be complex. The system concept may be accepted easier by high ranking officers. However, for end users and executors, the concept of digital work processing might be difficult to adopt. Additional planning and modifications become essential. Changing from the Legacy Processes Can be Problematic. An issue that arises in terms of transforming paper-based processes into digital processes is with dealing with parties that have not adopted the digital processing method. As the world has globalized, we are to think about how to serve and deal with practically all people in the world. Expecting all of them to accept and apply the digital processing system now is practically wishful thinking (Gladwell, 2005). Cost Saving Justifications are Sometimes Not Fulfilled. Another important issue to consider is whether the digital processing system can all be financially justified or not. The basic purpose of digitizing most of the working process is to get significant cost savings out of it. It might work on a smaller scale in areas that we have initially chosen. The question is, whether it will remain cost beneficial when it is implemented in a wider scale or in all areas without exceptions. Issues in Transferring Existing Documents into Digital Form Despite the pros and cons in practicing the paperless office, there are several requirements to take into account when making all documents digital. The issues are as follows: Legal Ramifications. The legal and governmental aspects of a technological development often grow very slowly compared to the technology itself. This should also be rationally expected in a paperless office. Will digital contracts be as lawfully binding as paper agreements? Can document manipulation be considered a heavy violation against the law? Questions like these need to be pondered over by the business society. The Target Reader. Even today, forming a financial report requires a sufficient consideration of the target readers ability to understand the report. The same applies to digital documents. Will the reader accept the new way of doing business or are they more likely to feel comfortable with the old ones? The readers ability to adapt is an important factor for consideration. Changed Longevity of the Documents. This is a similar consideration to our paper-based documentation. Will the technology exist to maintain the longevity of digital documents, at least 5 years into its future? 10 years? 20 years? This is necessary to abide with the rules of business and accounting (Walker, 2009). Companies Going Green. Some companies still perceive that the idea of being green companies is merely to comply with government regulation that forces them to do so. But, in fact, it provides the company with strategic opportunity to take benefits of the consumers increasing awareness of using green products. Since being green companies right now has become part of a corporations marketing strategy, it is now common that they start using traditional performance evaluation measures such as return on investment (ROI), net present value (NPV), market share, and other factors to assess their go green initiatives. In general, the driving forces of going green concept are the result of two forces: external or internal pressures. The Transfer Process. Figure 1 shows that by relying on paperwork, we spend a great deal of time on the process and also waste many sources. Figure 1 Paperless Office Schematic Process Conclusion In hindsight we can now conclude, the concept of a paperless office may not be even feasible. However with growing demands, the need to reduce our dependency on paper and its inefficient storage constraints can be analyzed to meet the growing demands of business. The main focus is no longer on moving to a completely paperless process but to a more efficient, cost effective, and environmentally friendly paper reduction process. Many factors need to be taken into consideration during the economical growth cycle of a business and the people who support that growth. Word processors, scanners, software advancement, algorithms, hardware developments, etc. continue to improve the ability of businesses to be able to plan and implement the digitalization of accessible documents. Combined strategies help move the business forward by reducing paper reliance and improving efficiencies of data access while still maintaining security measures. Cost, ease of use, and legal issues continue to be a driving factor in determining when processes can be digitized. Transforming a business to a digitized process can be difficult and complex. Cost, timing, and longevity of the process need to be analyzed to determine if digitization is even a feasible concept for a particular process. State and federal regulations need also to be considered. Despite the benefits offered by the concept of a paperless office, several problems in implementation have not yet been overcome. Digitalization may work on smaller scales and may never be able to materialize on a wider scale. Cost and ease of use for all people continues to be the driving factor in preventing a paperless system in all areas without exception. There will always be issues and disadvantages of moving to a paperless office. The key focus is to define all the issues and disadvantages of moving to a reduced paper office along with the advantages and timeline constraints. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-9795532882347882132020-01-18T11:07:00.001-08:002020-01-18T11:07:04.289-08:00Water Pollution Occurs When Pollutants Are Discharged Environmental Sciences EssayWater pollution is the taint of H2O organic structures ( e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater ) .Water pollution affects workss and beings populating in these organic structures of H2O ; and, in about all instances the consequence is damaging non merely to single species and populations, but besides to the natural biological communities.Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged straight or indirectly into H2O organic structures without equal intervention to take harmful compounds. Introduction Water pollution is a major job in the planetary context. It has been suggested that it is the taking worldwide cause of deceases and diseases, and that it accounts for the deceases of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no entree to a proper lavatory, and 1,000 Indian kids dice of diarrhoeal sickness every twenty-four hours. Some 90 % of China ââ¬Ës metropoliss suffer from some grade of H2O pollution, and about 500 million people lack entree to safe imbibing H2O. In add-on to the acute jobs of H2O pollution in developing states, industrialised states continue to fight with pollution jobs every bit good. In the most recent national study on H2O quality in the United States, 45 per centum of assessed watercourse stat mis, 47 per centum of assessed lake estates, and 32 per centum of assessed bay and estuarine square stat mis were classified as polluted.Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenetic contaminations and either does non back up a human usage, similar helping as imbibing H2O, and/or undergoes a pronounced displacement in its ability to back up its constitutional biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as vents, algae blooms, storms, and temblors besides cause major alterations in H2O quality and the ecological position of H2O. Water pollution classs Surface H2O and groundwater have frequently been studied and managed as separate resources, although they are interrelated. Beginnings of surface H2O pollution are by and large grouped into two classs based on their beginning. Point beginning pollution refers to contaminations that enter a waterway through a distinct conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of beginnings in this class include discharges from a sewerage intervention works, a mill, or a metropolis storm drain. The U.S. Clean Water Act ( CWA ) defines point beginning for regulative enforcement intents. The CWA definition of point beginning was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm cloaca systems, every bit good as industrial stormwater, such as from building sites. Non-point beginning ( NPS ) pollution refers to spread taint that does non arise from a individual discrete beginning. NPS pollution is frequently the cumulative consequence of little sums of contaminations gathered from a big country. The leaching out of nitrogen compounds from agricultural land which has been fertilized is a typical illustration. Nutrient overflow in stormwater from ââ¬Å" sheet flow â⬠over an agricultural field or a wood are besides cited as illustrations of NPS pollution. Contaminated storm H2O washed off of parking tonss, roads and main roads, called urban overflow, is sometimes included under the class of NPS pollution. However, this overflow is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface Waterss, and is a point beginning. However where such H2O is non channeled and drains straight to anchor it is a non-point beginning. Groundwater pollution Interactions between groundwater and surface H2O are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater taint, is non as easy classified as surface H2O pollution. By its really nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to taint from beginnings that may non straight affect surface H2O organic structures, and the differentiation of point vs. non-point beginning may be irrelevant. A spill or on-going releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminations into dirt ( located off from a surface H2O organic structure ) may non make point beginning or non-point beginning pollution, but can pollute the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume. The motion of the plume, a plume forepart, can be portion of a Hydrological conveyance theoretical account or Groundwater theoretical account. Analysis of groundwater taint may concentrate on the dirt features and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminations. Causes of H2O pollution The specific contaminations taking to pollution in H2O include a broad spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or centripetal alterations such as elevated temperature and stain. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be of course happening ( Ca, Na, Fe, manganese, etc. ) the concentration is frequently the key in finding what is a natural constituent of H2O, and what is a contamination. Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural stuffs, such as works affair ( e.g. foliages and grass ) every bit good as semisynthetic chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenetic substances may do turbidness ( cloud cover ) which blocks visible radiation and disrupts works growing, and clogs the gills of some fish species. Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can bring forth waterborne diseases in either human or carnal hosts. Change of H2O ââ¬Ës physical chemical science includes sourness ( alteration in pH ) , electrical conduction, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an addition in the concentration of chemical foods in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the primary productiveness of the ecosystem. Depending on the grade of eutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia ( oxygen depletion ) and terrible decreases in H2O quality may happen, impacting fish and other carnal populations. Pathogens Coliform bacteriums are a normally used bacterial index of H2O pollution, although non an existent cause of disease. Other microorganisms sometimes found in surface Waterss which have caused human wellness jobs include: Burkholderia pseudomallei Cryptosporidium parvum Giardia lamblia Salmonella Novovirus and other viruses Parasitic worms ( parasitic worms ) . High degrees of pathogens may ensue from inadequately treated sewerage discharges. This can be caused by a sewerage works designed with less than secondary intervention ( more typical in less-developed states ) . In developed states, older metropoliss with aging substructure may hold leaky sewerage aggregation systems ( pipes, pumps, valves ) , which can do healthful cloaca floods. Some metropoliss besides have combined cloacas, which may dispatch untreated sewerage during rain storms. Pathogen discharges may besides be caused by ill managed farm animal operations. Chemical and other contaminations Muddy river polluted by deposit. Photo courtesy of United States Geological Survey. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Organic H2O pollutants include: Detergents Disinfection byproducts found in chemically disinfected imbibing H2O, such as trichloromethane Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, fats and lubricating oil Insecticides and weedkillers, a immense scope of organohalides and other chemical compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels ( gasolene, Diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil ) and lubricators ( motor oil ) , and fuel burning by-products, from stormwater overflow Tree and bush dust from logging operations Volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) , such as industrial dissolvers, from improper storage. Chlorinated dissolvers, which are heavy non-aqueous stage liquids ( DNAPLs ) , may fall to the underside of reservoirs, since they do n't blend good with H2O and are denser. Assorted chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and decorative merchandises Inorganic H2O pollutants include: Sourness caused by industrial discharges ( particularly sulfur dioxide from power workss ) Ammonia from nutrient processing waste Chemical waste as industrial byproducts Fertilizers incorporating foods ââ¬â nitrates and phosphates ââ¬â which are found in stormwater overflow from agribusiness, every bit good as commercial and residential usage. Heavy metals from motor vehicles ( via urban stormwater overflow ) and acerb mine drainage Silt ( deposit ) in overflow from building sites, logging, cut and burn patterns or land glade sites Macroscopic pollution big seeable points fouling the H2O may be termed ââ¬Å" floatables â⬠in an urban stormwater context, or marine dust when found on the unfastened seas, and can include such points as: Trash ( e.g. paper, plastic, or nutrient waste ) discarded by people on the land, and that are washed by rainfall into storm drains and finally discharged into surface Waterss Nurdles, little omnipresent waterborne plastic pellets Shipwrecks, big derelict ships Thermal pollution Thermal pollution is the rise or autumn in the temperature of a natural organic structure of H2O caused by human influence. A common cause of thermic pollution is the usage of H2O as a coolant by power workss and industrial makers. Elevated H2O temperatures decreases O degrees ( which can kill fish ) and affects ecosystem composing, such as invasion by new thermophilic species. Urban overflow may besides promote temperature in surface Waterss. Thermal pollution can besides be caused by the release of really cold H2O from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers. Conveyance and chemical reactions of H2O pollutants Most H2O pollutants are finally carried by rivers into the oceans. In some countries of the universe the influence can be traced 100 stat mis from the oral cavity by surveies utilizing hydrology conveyance theoretical accounts. Advanced computing machine theoretical accounts such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used in many locations worldwide to analyze the destiny of pollutants in aquatic systems. Indicator filter feeding species such as copepods have besides been used to analyze pollutant destinies in the New York Bight, for illustration. The highest toxin tonss are non straight at the oral cavity of the Hudson River, but 100 kilometres south, since several yearss are required for incorporation into planktonic tissue. The Hudson discharge flows south along the seashore due to coriolis force. Further South so are countries of O depletion, caused by chemicals utilizing up O and by algae blooms, caused by extra foods from algal cell decease and decomposition. Fish and shellfish putting to deaths have been reported, because toxins climb the nutrient concatenation after little fish consume copepods, so big fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each consecutive measure up the nutrient concatenation causes a bit-by-bit concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals ( e.g. quicksilver ) and relentless organic pollutants such as DDT. This is known as biomagnification, which is on occasion used interchangeably with bioaccumulation. Large coils ( whirls ) in the oceans trap drifting plastic dust. The North Pacific Gyre for illustration has collected the alleged ââ¬Å" Great Pacific Garbage Patch â⬠that is now estimated at 100 times the size of Texas. Many of these durable pieces wind up in the tummy of Marine birds and animate beings. This consequences in obstructor of digestive tracts which leads to cut down appetency or even famishment. Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change particularly over long periods of clip in groundwater reservoirs. A notable category of such chemicals is the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethane ( used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics fabricating ) and tetrachlorethylene used in the dry cleansing industry ( note latest progresss in liquid C dioxide in dry cleansing that avoids all usage of chemicals ) . Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, taking to new risky chemicals ( including dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride ) . Groundwater pollution is much more hard to slake than surface pollution because groundwater can travel great distances through unobserved aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partly purify H2O of bacteriums by simple filtration ( surface assimilation and soaking up ) , dilution, and, in some instances, chemical reactions and biological activity: nevertheless, in some instances, the pollutants simply transform to dirty contaminations. Groundwater that moves through clefts and caverns is non filtered and can be transported every bit easy as surface H2O. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human inclination to utilize natural swallow holes as mopess in countries of Karst topography. There are a assortment of secondary effects stemming non from the original pollutant, but a derivative status. An illustration is silt-bearing surface overflow, which can suppress the incursion of sunshine through the H2O column, haltering photosynthesis in aquatic workss. Measurement of H2O pollution Environmental Scientists fixing H2O autosamplers. Water pollution may be analyzed through several wide classs of methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most involve aggregation of samples, followed by specialised analytical trials. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without trying, such as temperature. Government bureaus and research organisations have published standardized, validated analytical trial methods to ease the comparison of consequences from disparate proving events. Sampling Sampling of H2O for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the truth needed and the features of the contamination. Many taint events are aggressively restricted in clip, most normally in association with rain events. For this ground ââ¬Å" grab â⬠samples are frequently unequal for to the full quantifying contamination degrees. Scientists garnering this type of informations frequently employ auto-sampler devices that pump increases of H2O at either clip or discharge intervals. Sampling for biological proving involves aggregation of workss and/or animate beings from the surface H2O organic structure. Depending on the type of appraisal, the beings may be identified for biosurveys ( population counts ) and returned to the H2O organic structure, or they may be dissected for bio-assaies to find toxicity. Physical testing Common physical trials of H2O include temperature, solids concentration like entire suspended solids ( TSS ) and turbidness. Chemical testing Water samples may be examined utilizing the rules of analytical chemical science. Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical O demand ( BOD ) , chemical O demand ( COD ) , foods ( nitrate and phosphorus compounds ) , metals ( including Cu, Zn, Cd, lead and quicksilver ) , oil and lubricating oil, entire crude oil hydrocarbons ( TPH ) , and pesticides. Biological testing Biological proving involves the usage of works, animate being, and/or microbic indexs to supervise the wellness of an aquatic ecosystem. Control of H2O pollution Domestic sewerage Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant functioning Boston, Massachusetts and locality. Domestic sewerage is 99.9 % pure H2O, the other 0.1 % are pollutants. While found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose hazard on a big graduated table. In urban countries, domestic sewerage is typically treated by centralised sewerage intervention workss. In the U.S. , most of these workss are operated by local authorities bureaus, often referred to as publically owned intervention plants ( POTW ) . Municipal intervention workss are designed to command conventional pollutants: BOD and suspended solids. Well-designed and operated systems ( i.e. , secondary intervention or better ) can take 90 per centum or more of these pollutants. Some workss have extra sub-systems to handle foods and pathogens. Most municipal workss are non designed to handle toxic pollutants found in industrial effluent. Cities with healthful cloaca floods or combined sewer floods employ one or more technology attacks to cut down discharges of untreated sewerage, including: using a green substructure attack to better stormwater direction capacity throughout the system, and cut down the hydraulic overloading of the intervention works fix and replacing of leaking and malfunctioning equipment. increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewerage aggregation system ( frequently a really expensive option ) . A family or concern non served by a municipal intervention works may hold an single infected armored combat vehicle, which treats the effluent on site and discharges into the dirt. Alternatively, domestic effluent may be sent to a nearby in private owned intervention system ( e.g. in a rural community ) . Industrial effluent Dissolved air floatation system for handling industrial effluent. Some industrial installations generate ordinary domestic sewerage that can be treated by municipal installations. Industries that generate effluent with high concentrations of conventional pollutants ( e.g. oil and lubricating oil ) , toxic pollutants ( e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds ) or other nonconventional pollutants such as ammonium hydroxide, need specialised intervention systems. Some of these installations can put in a pre-treatment system to take the toxic constituents, and so direct the partly treated effluent to the municipal system. Industries bring forthing big volumes of effluent typically operate their ain complete on-site intervention systems. Some industries have been successful at redesigning their fabrication processes to cut down or extinguish pollutants, through a procedure called pollution bar. Heated H2O generated by power workss or fabricating workss may be controlled with: chilling pools, semisynthetic organic structures of H2O designed for chilling by vaporization, convection, and radiation chilling towers, which transfer waste heat to the ambiance through vaporization and/or heat transportation cogeneration, a procedure where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial warming intents. Agricultural effluent Nonpoint beginning controls Sediment ( loose dirt ) washed off Fieldss is the largest beginning of agricultural pollution in the United States. Farmers may use eroding controls to cut down overflow flows and retain dirt on their Fieldss. Common techniques include contour ploughing, harvest mulching, harvest rotary motion, seting perennial harvests and put ining riparian buffers. Foods ( N and P ) are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertiliser ; carnal manure ; or crop-dusting of municipal or industrial effluent ( outflowing ) or sludge. Foods may besides come in overflow from harvest residues, irrigation H2O, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can develop and implement alimentary direction programs to cut down extra application of foods. To minimise pesticide impacts, husbandmans may utilize Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) techniques ( which can include biological pest control ) to keep control over plagues, cut down trust on chemical pesticides, and protect H2O quality. Point beginning effluent intervention Farms with big farm animal and domestic fowl operations, such as mill farms, are called concentrated animate being feeding operations or confined carnal feeding operations in the U.S. and are being capable to increasing authorities ordinance. Animal slurries are normally treated by containment in lagunas before disposal by spray or trickle application to grassland. Constructed wetlands are sometimes used to ease intervention of animate being wastes, as are anaerobiotic lagunas. Some carnal slurries are treated by blending with straw and composted at high temperature to bring forth a bacteriologically unfertile and crumbly manure for dirt betterment. Construction site stormwater Silt fencing installed on a building site. Sediment from building sites is managed by installing of: eroding controls, such as mulching and hydroseeding, and deposit controls, such as deposit basins and silt fencings. Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washout is prevented by usage of: spill bar and control programs, and specially designed containers ( e.g. for concrete washout ) and constructions such as overflow controls and recreation berms. Urban overflow ( stormwater ) Effective control of urban overflow involves cut downing the speed and flow of stormwater, every bit good as cut downing pollutant discharges. Local authoritiess use a assortment of stormwater direction techniques to cut down the effects of urban overflow. These techniques, called best direction patterns ( BMPs ) in the U.S. , may concentrate on H2O measure control, while others focus on bettering H2O quality, and some perform both maps. Pollution bar patterns include low impact development techniques, installing of green roofs and improved chemical handling ( e.g. direction of motor fuels & A ; oil, fertilisers and pesticides ) . Runoff extenuation systems include infiltration basins, bioretention systems, constructed wetlands, keeping basins and similar devices. Thermal pollution from overflow can be controlled by stormwater direction installations that absorb the overflow or direct it into groundwater, such as bioretention systems and infiltration basins. Retention basins tend to be less effectual at cut downing temperature, as the H2O may be heated by the Sun before being discharged to a receiving watercourse. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-66466424799055677212020-01-10T07:31:00.001-08:002020-01-10T07:31:04.058-08:00Future of Canadian ForceFUTURE OF CANADIAN FORCEHarmonizing to research Canadian Forces can be defined as armed forces set up by Canada and is made of ; the Air Force, Land force and Canadian Navy. Canadian Air Force has 13 bases around Canada, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador and Newfoundland being the major air bases. The bid control and administrative installations are in North Bay and Winnipeg severally. NATO Air Based is based in Geilenkirchen. Canadian Land Force can besides be referred as the Canadian Army whereas Canadian Navy is referred as Maritime Command and a descendent of Royal Navy. The Maritime Command has 33 pigboats and war vessels at the Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard on the west seashore of the Pacific and at Canadian Dockyard on the east seashore of the Atlantic. Canadian Command was created in 2006 to better clip response to natural catastrophes and domestic terrorist act commanded by committee officer. Harmonizing to Jayson Myers President of Canadian Manufacturers and Exports, economical challenges and unprecedented market volatility are a fact that Canada is populating in planetary economic crisis.What should the hereafter of Canadian defense mechanism force be?In the close hereafter the Canadian authorities will hold to happen off to keep the military personnels in Afghanistan, , if they withdraw the war, the troops outgo will be the best program to salvage the authorities from shortages. The budget will be cut if they do n't set about their missions ; therefore turning their economic system. Most recent UN missions have successfully proven at enforcing peace ; missions were conducted by armed military. ( National Post Magazine ) Canadian Defence Force requires the reshaping and reorganization of its armed forces. In the past the authorities argued that the traditional arrangement of the Royal Navy, Canadian Army and the Air Force service head and commanding officer might non run into the challenges presented to them in the hereafter. After World War I Canada began to incorporate defense mechanism activities which did n't last long, it was ended earlier World War II, but when the war was over the British Commonwealth existed through the traditional administration. Canadian politicians are non and ne'er have been interested in defense mechanism ; Canadian populace can non get away a portion of the incrimination. Too many of our people think that all we enjoy was ever at that place, was non fought for, will merely go on, without our personal attending. We are no longer doing any attempts in international personal businesss. While some sensible grade of freedom still remains for us under our signifier of authorities, we must confront the fact that this freedom will shortly vanish unless we exercise our rights sagely. Canada must take major strivings to guarantee that we are good plenty informed on the pick of wise leaders ââ¬â possibly, great leaders. I quote ; Rear Admiral Jeffrey Brock, DSO, DSC, CD, RCN, was functioning as Vice Chief of Naval Staff in Ottawa in the early sixtiess. Canadian authorities needs a traditional peacekeeping even after the undertaking backdown in Kandahar, either under the United Nations regional authorization or NATO. The authorities should guarantee that the picks she is doing are a better benefit to the Canadians civilians and military therefore they need to be really first-class in peacekeeping. The Chief of Defence Staff spoke on the Canadian conflict of inundations, fires and ice storms all over the state and the political agitation across the universe. The extended reforms and the strong battle decrease on the budget and became transparent on the populace they serve. Other types of international securities are likely to come up in the hereafter to contend non-traditional panics like cyber-terrorism and terrorist act. Human rights issues such as nutrient entree, clean H2O entree, energy, ecological debasement and infective diseases. Security along the boundary lines is no longer an entirely measured in geographic boundary line, therefore keeping and procuring a boundary line requires impact on economic figures, so as pandemics such as swine grippe, HIV/AIDS, clime alteration and struggles between the provinces can non be easy prevented. Defense mechanism policy has to find a manner to avoid its permeableness to money crisis, migration, engineering and diseases. Canada has improved on how to react in struggles created by different ethnics and faith. Besides non-Canadians who have entree to unsafe arms used in guerilla warfare needs a force that can analyse and make up one's mind between the terrorist act. Assorted provinces that are willing to lend their military personnels and constabularies will hold to accept and hold to the challenges that awaits them in peacekeeping, therefore traveling from the traditional peacekeeping which is maintained by CF personals. The duologue between the province members helps in casualties and costs. CF experience in Afghanistan has a large value in polishing usage of advanced engineering in struggle state of affairss. Police and military personnels who have no experience therefore preparation and back uping them can help in the UN mission. An identified and a functional bid and communicating system is important in peacekeeping. A major dissension has been on civil military coordination and civil military cooperation at the tactical and operational degrees.What are the major menaces to Canadian security today?The Canadian Security Intelligence Service is an internal security of the Canadian Government which is responsible for analysing coverage and roll uping information needed on menaces to Canada National Security. The Canadian security Intelligence Service was established following the McDonald Commission if Inquiry in 1984. The service is responsible for early warnings to the authorities and bureaus on the suspected activities that threatens the state ââ¬Ës security. Due to the rise of terrorist act and the death of the Cold War, Canada Security Intelligence Service has put across a public safety precedence. This can be seen in the high proportion of resources devoted to counter-terrorism.Some of the activities that menace CanadaSabotageThese are activities conducted in order to jeopardize the safety, security, public or private belongings, and make fear to the Canadian people.EspionageThese are conducted for the intent of desiring to get improper agencies of informations or sensitive political assets, economical plus, military arms and besides unauthorised foreign communicating to other organisation.TerrorismThis is the menace or usage of force to seek and oblige the Canadian ââ¬Ës authorities to move or follow with their demands. Some of these activities may take to decease to people, devastation of public and private belongingss. Character assassinations, bomb menaces, surety pickings are merely illustrations of some of those activities tha t endanger the day-to-day live of Canadians.The actions may be to coerce a given political response.CorruptionThese are intended to other throw the authorities by force and usage of force. Corruption seeks to destruct the electoral, legislative, administrative and judicial procedures of the state. Harmonizing to the CBC intelligence the National Security Policy was talked in parliament 2004, they outlined a wide range security, and public safety to protect the people of Canada. The authorities set aside about $ 690 million for the action program and model. ( CBC News Online | April 27, 2004 ) The Deputy Prime Minister and Public Safety ; Minister Anne McLellan ; said the program titled Procuring an Open Society: the policy is based on three national security involvements: First ; protecting Canada and her people place and abroad. Second ; lending to international security. Third ; guaranting Canada is non a base for menaces. In the address made to W.P.D. Elcock Director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service to the Vancouver Board of Trade, it was said that the Al-Qaeda still remains the most unsafe organisation of international range. It still continues to have its support from the terrorist groups like Sunni or persons across the universe.What Does the Security and Intelligence Do?The service contributes safety and security to its people, therefore the service must judge the growing of menaces supplying good advice to political leaders and what steps of bar they can take. The work of the service is ; supplying the authorities with advice on specific menaces to the state. Supplying the intelligence that is used by the authorities for its day-to-day usage and for long term scope development in determination devising. The service entree major issues and events impacting her involvements. They investigate assess menaces to the security on her people.CANADIAN ALLIANCEThis was a party that was in betw een 2000 and 2003, the party was a replacement to Reform Party of Canada and made a interruption through and was positioned as the Official Opposition. It supported all the policies and seeked decrease of the authorities disbursement and decrease of revenue enhancements. The confederation of Canadian Dietetic Regulatory Bodies consists of 10 equal and independent dietary regulative organic structures. Its intent is to protect public. It is besides responsible for reflecting current dietary pattern and model The function of regulative in the populace have authorized and is responsible for executing these ; construing dietary Scopess of patterns, such as restricted activities. Establishing, implementing and keeping the criterions for the ethnics, behavior and go oning competency. Protecting professional rubrics and appellations into distinguishing regulate and unregulated nutrition. Ensuring dietary instruction and preparation plans meet their demands for enrollments. Assessing and registering qualified appliers in their provincial legal powers. Investigating and deciding ailments about a dietician ââ¬Ës pattern, and fit pattern. Some of the aims of the Alliance are ; developing common model to set up criterions for entry to pattern and go oning competence. Facilitating labour mobility for dietetics. Communicating with the external groups on affairs related to the ordinances of the dieticians in the state. International Migrants ââ¬Ë Alliance Harmonizing to Asian Pacific Mission for Migrants adult females are the most exploited people in the universe. Those who are oppressed largely are migratory ââ¬Ës workers and immigrants whom are non-documented. These conditions have increased due to the failure of non-neo-liberal globalization and that has lead to many prejudiced policies posed by the authorities. The policy is a national confirmation strategy of Thailand which is to put phases for monolithic crackdowns on foreign workers and migrators. Queerly some states in the part where barbarous onslaughts have occurred besides are willing to shortly come up with the rights of adult females and immature kids. International of Canada and the Public Service Alliance of Canada was held in 2010, April. The party agreed on the major outstanding points presented, these are ; paid vacations, torments, holidaies, staffing processs, suspension and subject, and layoff callback.Industrial AllianceIndustrial Alliance Insurance and Financial Service was founded in 1892 which is a life and wellness insurance company which offers a big assortment of life and wellness insurance merchandises. It is besides the 4th largest insurance company in Canada. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-17673651109959775022020-01-02T03:55:00.001-08:002020-01-02T03:55:03.905-08:00Factorial Design Experiments Involvling Combinations of... Factorial research designs are experiments that involve factorial combinations of independent variables. Factorial combinations involve pairing each level of one independent variable with each level of a second independent variable. Factorial combinations make it possible to determine the effect of each independent variable alone (main effect) and the effect of the independent variables in combination (interaction effect). The simplest possible experiment involves one independent variable manipulated at two levels. Similarly, the simplest possible factorial design involves two independent variables, each with two levels. Factorial designs are identified by specifying the number of levels of each of the independent variables in theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦They were supplied with information about their partner so that they could get a sense of his personal characteristics. In the identity-threat condition, their partner held sexist views. For instance, they would strongly agree with statements such as ââ¬Å"I could not work for a female boss because women can be overly emotional and sensitiveâ⬠. In the identity-safety condition, the partner was presented as nonsexist and strongly disagreed with sexist statements. The second independent variable in their 2 x 3 design was word type with three levels: 1) social-identity threatening; 2) illness threatening; and 3) nonthreatening. This variable was manipulated using a repeated measures design; thus, all participants were tested with all three-word types in a completely counterbalanced order. The social-identity threatening words were sexist in content, such as hooters and ho. The illness-threatening words (mono, Alzheimerââ¬â¢s, cancer) were included as a control condition to determine whether women in the identity-threat condition would pay attention to threatening words in general and not just social-identity threatening words. The nonthreatening words, also a control condition, describ ed household objects such as curtains and broom. In on part of Kaiser et al.ââ¬â¢s study, all three-word types were presented subliminally in different colors, and participantsââ¬â¢ task Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-63466030839779495652019-12-25T00:22:00.001-08:002019-12-25T00:22:03.253-08:00John B. Watson Behavioral Psychology Part 2 - 1415 Words Contributions to Psychology During the zeitgeist of Watsonââ¬â¢s early career, the focus of psychology was on the analysis of the conscious mind. During the late 1800ââ¬â¢s, Sigmund Freud, a leader in psychology at the time, had proposed theories of psychology that focused on the conscious and unconscious mind. He explained behavior as a response to the desires of our unconscious and conscious minds, implying that individuals did not have much control over their behaviors or thoughts. In the early 1900ââ¬â¢s, during Watsonââ¬â¢s career, the country was recovering from the First World War. American societies were trying to cope with the feelings of loos of control that were brought about by the war. Freudââ¬â¢s idea of human consciousness and uncontrollableâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In 1920, Watson and Rosalie Rayner, his second wife, conducted an experiment to demonstrate how inherited emotions, fear, rage, and love, could be projected onto stimuli other than the stimuli that originally elic ited the emotions. Watson and Rayner used an eleven-month-old male infant named Albert to conduct their experiment. Albert was shown a white rat, to which he expressed no fear. When Albert attempted to reach out and touch the rat, Watson hit a metal bar with a hammer, causing a loud noise. Albert expressed fear by jumping. He was then shown the rat a second time and, again, a metal bar was struck when he reached out to touch the rat, this time causing him to cry out of fear. One week later, Albert was presented with a rat again and, this time, attempted to keep away from the rat. Watson and Rayner continued to expose Albert to the rat and strike the metal bar, which caused Albert to become afraid of the rat. Days later, Albert cried at just the sight of the rat and expressed great fear (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Although many argue the ethical implications of Watsonââ¬â¢s study, The Little Albert experiment clearly displayed the ability of infants to develop a fear of a neutral stimulus by pairing it with a negative stimulus. These finings were a major contribution to psychology. Not only did the researchers contribute to the practice of psychology as a science by use of the scientific method, they also gave evidence to the idea thatShow MoreRelatedFather Of Behaviorism : Broadus Watson935 Words à |à 4 Pagesof Behaviorism: Broadus Watson During the late 19th century and early 20th century, psychology was defined as the study of the human mind had an emphasis on introspection (Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2015). After this period of time, psychologists began to criticize the validity of introspection as a method of study (McLeod, 2008). This doubt sparked new ideals and lead the field of psychology to be revolutionized. This new revolution was lead by John Broadus Watson, who is often thought ofRead MorePsychology Is The Science Of Natural Science1080 Words à |à 5 PagesPsychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness -John B. 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This statement also forms a type of behaviourism: ââ¬Å"Methodologicalâ⬠behaviourism claims that psychology should concern itself with the behaviour of organisms (human and non-human). Psychology should not concern itself with mental states or events or withRead MoreBehaviourism: History, Principles Contributions1195 Words à |à 5 Pagesconsciousness. John B. Watson is often noted as the father of behaviourism, though its theories were being studied years before hand. A talk by Watson on his manifesto in 1913 was said to be the formal founding of behaviourism where he described the principles of behaviourism and dismissed other notions. Though behaviourism did not become a highly accepted view in psychology, it did have its contributions to the overall field. Behaviourism emerged as a new field of psychology during the earlyRead MoreBehaviorism s Theory Of Psychology983 Words à |à 4 Pagesconcept; that it is merely another word for the ââ¬Å"soulâ⬠of more ancient time (Watson, 1970). However, behaviorism holds the subject matter of human psychology it focus on the behavior or activities of the human being. Etymology The word behaviorism originates from the Middle French word behavior, meaning the observable activity in human and animal. This term was coined in 1913 by the United States psychologist John B. Watson. Many of the concepts of analysis of behavior can be traced back to PavlovRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1360 Words à |à 6 Pagesstudy, pairing the sound of a bell with food to produce salivation. After a while, just the sound alone would produce salivation. ââ¬Å"Little Albertâ⬠, an infant that belonged to a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home was experimented on by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner. Watson and Rayner claim that ââ¬Å"Little Albertâ⬠was a healthy, unemotional, and stable child. The experiment began with the introduction of a white rat, which alone, produced no fear response. At 11 months and 3 days, the rat was paired withRead MoreBehaviorism Research Paper1983 Words à |à 8 Pagespersons responsible for the Behaviorism movement was John B. Watson who felt a need to restructure Psychology into a scientific psychology on the basis that behavior could be observed through stimulus and response methods and could be proven by experiments. Other schools of thought felt strong about the consciousness influenced our behavior as well and how we thought and with the help of Behaviorism and its theorists it changed how theorist saw Psychology as well as improved it. Introduction Read MoreThe Advancement Of Behaviorism : A Look At The Progression Of Behavioral Science Through Time Essay2345 Words à |à 10 PagesProgression of Behavioral Science Through Time Sara Lalani Nova Southeastern University Abstract Why do people behave in the manner that they do? This is a question that has been asked since a few hundred years before the common era. Early individuals, such as Sigmund Freud, have come up with their own theories in an attempt to explain human behavior. On the other hand, Ivan Pavlov was not trying to necessarily explain human behavior, but he did set up a paradigm that inspired John B. Watson. WatsonRead More The Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology1503 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology Behavioral Psychology Defined John Watson wrote a paper in the Psychological Review in 1913 and defined behavioral psychology or behaviorism as â⬠¦a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-76234850245727269382019-12-16T20:09:00.001-08:002019-12-16T20:09:03.970-08:00New Article Reveals the Low Down on Geopolitics Essay Topics and Why You Must Take Action TodayNew Article Reveals the Low Down on Geopolitics Essay Topics and Why You Must Take Action Today You have to know all facets of financial topics after you choose them. Since you can see, lots of the topics listed are new and deal with the present issues happening in the World today. Take notes concerning all possible topics you're able to consider. Needless to say, topics which are still relevant in 2018 are the very best. If it's a college essay, it is essential to consider what aspects of it is going to be evaluated. Possessing excellent research abilities and selecting an excellent topic is vital. Biological weapons shouldn't be allowed. The teachers don't always assign the specific topic. Students need to be careful about posting on social networking. They are used to the fact that their professors give them the assignment's topic. In such a circumstance, a student must pick an ideal topic to write about. Although some say no cost public transportation would assist the environment and decrease traffic, others think no cost public transportation is too pricey, and the government can't afford to cover it. Most issues can have essays on all the above mentioned questions. Anyway, below, it is possible to find topic that are excellent for both circumstances. For this reason, you've got to come across enough substantial evidence for the specific topic. Schools should eliminate class projects since they're useless. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. They should keep their mobile in silence so as to not disturb the class. Students and teachers can buy balanced lunch and drinks besides alcohol, that lets them feel nice and study much better. The End of Geopolitics Essay Topics Perform extensive research on the subject of your choice and make an impressive persuasive speech that individuals will remember for long. Many people wind up covering the exact same tired topics they see in the media daily, just because they can't produce a better idea. They suffer from a lack of financial education. All individuals ought to be allowed to receive free high education. To begin with, if you're arranging a persuasive speech, you ought to think about a topic that could create mental pictures in the minds of your audience. Don't neglect to bring a strong hook at the beginning (introduction paragraph) and wind up with an impressive conclusion to earn the reader want to go over the interesting persuasive essay topics of your pick. Whatever the case, it's always a better idea to work with a topic that is especially close to you and that you get a genuine interest in, instead of just picking a random topic. One other important element when picking a persuasive speech topic is to select a topic that could provoke your audience a little. If you can select the problem by yourself, it's possible to think of the issue of interest! There's a remarkable remedy to your issue! Now, convince the people that there's an issue. The issue, nevertheless, is that not all businesses can be relied upon in order to deliver quality essays on time so you need to be cautious in selecting one. Our life is about words. There are varying views on whether or not a college education is necessary in order to have a thriving life. Just imagine, you have all of the freedom on the planet to write about anything you desire. Sex is a biological need and a wholesome sex life has lots of mental and physical advantages. Anyway, direct and indirect quotes are required to support your understanding of academic writing style. On the flip side, some argue that the expense of college leaves students with crippling debt they'll never have the ability to repay. Though people believe education is a correct and will make society, overall, a better place for everybody, others feel there's no genuine approach to provide a free college education as colleges would still must be funded (likely through tax dollars). Argue that public higher education has to be free for everybody. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-7679611259357702662019-12-08T16:53:00.001-08:002019-12-08T16:53:03.629-08:00Chronic Illness Management In Primary Care â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Chronic Illness Management In Primary Care. Answer: Introduction Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by increasing bone weakness, decreasing bone density, and elevated risk of a broken bone (Rachner, 2011). The disease is the main reason for broken bones among the seniors. Some of the common bones break include the hip, vertebrae in the spine, and bones of the forearm. The disease has no symptoms and is only discovered when bones break. It affects the density of bone leading to a porous bone which is compressible. This condition weakens the bone and results in fractures. Bone density decreases with age and is also accelerated by other factors such as lower levels of estrogen among women. It may also occur due to treatment procedures or diseases such anorexia, kidney disease, etc. Also, various medications influence the rate of bone loss and contribute to the bone weakening. Osteoporosis is a major disease among people aged 50 years and above and has raised public health concerns (Riggs, 2012). Approximately 8 million people in the US are reported to have osteoporosis (Korhonen, 2013). About 60% of people with osteoporosis in the US are aged 50 years and older. Health care costs incurred in the treatment of osteoporosis fractures amount to billions of dollars. This diseases not only increases the financial burden for families but also affects productivity. It is reported that 15% of people who experience a hip fracture are likely to die within two years (Looker, 2012). The social and financial implications of this disease adversely affect the society. Therefore, it is essential to assess how various healthcare stakeholders can tackle this condition to mitigate its risk as well as its impacts on the nations economy and the society. In this report, well investigate osteoporosis, identify risk factors, and its impacts on peoples life. The elderly are considered as the main age group through which the disease can be assessed. The report will also look into the role of a nurse in delivering patient-oriented care that can mitigate the risk of the disease as well as improve patient outcomes. Osteoporosis Pathophysiology Poor bone mass acquisition during growth and an increase in the rate of bone loss are the main mechanisms that contribute to the development of osteoporosis. These mechanisms are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Many postmenopausal women are at high risk of increased bone loss after reaching peak bone mass. Race also influences development of the disease as peak bone mass tends to vary among different races (Antonelli, 2014). About 50% of the bone mass gained during puberty is linked with high sex hormone levels. However, there is minimal accumulation of bone mass among young adults. Peak bone mass is realized when a person reaches 30 years of age. Genetic factors are reported to influence bone mass. Approximately 40% of the variability in bone mass is determined by genes (Emkey, 2014). Some of the genes linked to osteoporosis include collagen, transforming growth factor- , those that regulate estrogen reception, etc. In contrast to gaining boss mass, bone loss is largely determined by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, medication, etc. Risk factors Nutritional factors Development of Osteoporosis can arise from various factors including nutrition, behavior, or medication. Key nutritional factors that play a role include calcium intake, protein intake, Vitamin D levels, among others. It is reported that low calcium intake during childhood can elevate the risk of the disease later in life. Studies show that seniors who had low calcium levels in their childhood were likely to have the disease as it was directly linked to the bone mineral mass (Garriguet, 2011). Calcium supplementation is a key treatment method that helps to reduce the rate of bone loss among elderly persons at risk of osteoporosis. Calcium intake varies depending on age. Some age groups especially the elderly and children have higher calcium intake than other age groups. The typical diet in western countries has high levels of sodium and protein which increase calcium excretion hence people in these countries require to take more calcium. Vitamin D and protein are key elements that also play a role in the body. Vitamin D plays an essential role in the bone tissue as it regulates calcium absorption. Its nutritional status affects the level of calcium absorption. Studies show that vitamin D levels decrease with age hence seniors have lower levels of Vitamin D than other age groups which significantly impact calcium absorption (Powe, 2011). Aged people have to take Vitamin D supplements to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Protein malnutrition affects the growth of soft tissue which reduces the tissue covering the bones (Rizzoli, 2014). Protein intake largely determines the result of fractures, especially hip fracture. Behavioral Factors Various behavioral factors such as physical activity and drugs play a role in the development of the Osteoporosis. Studies show that athletes have higher bone mass than non-athletes. This is particularly noted among athletes who regularly engage in strength training. Mechanical loading during training is shown to increase bone mass (Langsetmo, 2012). On the other hand, decreasing mechanical load reduces bone mass. The relationship between bone mass density and the mechanical load is apparent at low levels of loads. Patients who are completely immobilized have high bone mass loss amounting to over 30% in 1 year. People who are physically active have high bone mass density than the average population (Khawaji, 2010). Bone metabolism occurs as a result of the interplay between hormones, nutrients and physical activity. A deficit in one of these areas can increase the risk of osteoporosis. Chronic alcohol is attributed to decreasing bone mass density in the lumbar spine and neck (Broulik, 2010). The prevalence of osteoporosis among alcoholics is reported to be over 30%. It is much higher among the elderly who regularly consume alcohol. Chronic alcohol is also associated with nutritional deficiencies which contribute to osteoporotic-related fractures (Maurel, 2010). Smoking is another risk factor for decreasing bone mass that affects bone mass development. It is associated with an increase in rate of bone loss which is pre-requisite to osteoporosis. Medications Several medications are linked with bone loss. Glucocorticoids are key medications that are attributed to an elevated rate of bone mass loss (Lekamwasam, 2012). Studies also show that bone loss is high during the first use of steroid intake. The rate of bone loss is estimated to be as high as 20% which increases the risk of fractures. Patient taking corticosteroids for more than six months have a high incidence of osteoporotic fractures. Estrogens are essential for the development of bone mass and bone maintenance in both men and women. Low levels of estrogen among women above 50 years are the main cause of postmenopausal osteoporosis (Tyagi, 2012). Signs and symptoms Osteoporosis becomes evidence when a fracture occurs. A majority of the fractures are painless. In some cases, patients may have fractures accompanied have episodes of acute pain after suffering a minor trauma. The pain experienced may range from sharp to dull (Nieuwenhuijse, 2012). Movement of a limb with a fracture tends to increase the pain, and in some cases, the pain is radiated to the abdomen. Muscle spasms accompany pain and are exacerbated by physical activity. Acute pain subsides after a month, but in cases where patients have multiple fractures, the pain becomes chronic. Patients with chronic pain are unable to walk or do any work at ease. Often, they stay motionless in bed with fear of exacerbating pain. Patients with a hip fracture may experience pain in the groin and medial knee. Often, the fracture decreases the hip range of motion which diminishes the walking ability of patients. The patients may also demonstrate a limited range of motion with pain and decreased weight-bearing on the fractured area. Physical examination done on patients with vertebral fractures indicate loss of lubra lordosis and exaggerated cervical lordosis. Patients that have Colles fracture may have bayonet deformity and tend to experience pain when moving their wrists (Esses, 2011). On the other hand, patients with sacral fractures experience pain when they move. People especially the elderly who have osteoporotic fractures have difficulty in performing tasks as they are limited by severe pain in the affected region. This significantly limits them from moving and affects their productivity at work. Person-centered care Person-centered care focuses on the personal needs of patients which become fundamental to the care delivery process. This implies giving preference to the patients needs as defined over the priorities by the healthcare staff (Ekman, 2011). This care model involves strong interest in the patients experience of health or illness. Nurses have to work with the persons perspective of the situation as well as that obtained via a medical diagnosis. Various frameworks have been developed to help nurses to implement person-centered care. These frameworks share key components which define the nature of person-centered care. Typically, a patient-oriented care model involves forging relationships with patients to know them as individuals, providing meaningful care, and being responsive to the patients needs. Nurses have to respect the needs, values, and preferences of the patients and focus on building patient-nurse relationships which can foster trust (Morgan, 2012). Nurses have to emphasize freedom of choice to the patients and promote comfort. It is also necessary for nurses to involve patients family and friends in the care delivery process. This model of nursing care contrasts the traditional care model as it focuses on a patient as an individual and emphasizes on their needs. On the other hand, traditional care model acknowledges personal needs but only consider them if they align with the nursing needs. This implies that the needs of nursing care are prioritized over personal needs of the patient receiving care. Role of Nurse in Osteoporosis prevention Nurses play a key role in leading collaborative care to meet the healthcare needs of the elderly population which is at high risk of osteoporosis. Under collaborative person-centered care model, nurses have a responsibility of improving access to care, enhancing quality and safety, coordinating with healthcare professionals, and forging relationships with patients. To realize the full potential of the care model, nurses have to accept a central role in the management of patient-centered approach to care (Wolff, 2015). Specifically, nurses have to collaborate with team members and maintain a patient-centered focus on care. They interact with patients as individuals to gain an in-depth insight into their health as well as forge trust. This is key in understanding and respecting the values and needs of a patient. Medical care delivered by nurses to prevent Osteoporosis should be aligned with the needs of the elderly patients. This involves forging a patient-nurse relationship that enhances trust and enables the nurse to know much about the patients including their medical history, health problems they may be encountering, etc. Nurses that have established a relationship with the patients can communicate effectively with them. This allows them to collect essential information about the patients which help nurses in providing care. The nurses collaborate with team members to align the patients needs with the medical diagnosis. For example, when nurses diagnose an older adult to be at risk of developing osteoporosis, they have to create a plan tailored to their needs. The plan may consider the diet consumed by the patient and make adjustments to the dietary routine to improve protein and calcium intake to reduce the risk of the disease. This ensures the team delivers optimal and safe care which meets the needs of the aged patients. Effective communication is key in enhancing the coordinated care that meets the patients needs. Addressing the healthcare needs of the elderly at risk of osteoporosis in the most efficient manner is the key goal of inter-professional patient-centered care. Nurses play a vital role in facilitating communication between the health provider and the patients as well as supporting the patients (Bartz, 2010). In this care model, the nurse ensures families of patients are active participants in care delivery process. This enhances the efficiency of care and enhances the role of nurses in preventing osteoporosis and promoting self-care among the elderly. Nurses provide information to patients and families and answer their question on the care provided. They have to be included in discussions to make decisions about their care as well as play a role in planning how to improve their health conditions. It is the responsibility of the nurse to ensure the patients receive timely and consistent messages. Nurses have to maintain communication with the patients to monitor their health and learn more about their needs (Cloninger, 2011). Consistent communication allows nurses to identify a change in patients needs and respond accordingly. For example, an older adult with an osteoporotic fracture may want pain medication due to exacerbating pain. If nurses maintain contact with the patient, they can easily determine their needs and respond to improve patient outcomes. Often, the elderly have lower emergency response and their protection should be prioritized. Nurses have to focus on their safety and value their daily protection in actions such as standing up or walking down the stairs to reduce the risk of falling and occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. Nurses play a vital role in improving quality of care by gaining an insight into patients preferences and values through engagement (Finset, 2011). They have to assure them that their values will be respected and their needs considered in care delivery. This is vital in enhancing patient engagement and care plan decisions. Trust between the two stakeholders is dependent on mutual respect and the relationship between them. Trust between nurses and patients evolves as insight into patients needs and information from medical diagnosis is gained. Trust is a key element in the patient-nurse relationship that ensures the efficiency of the care delivery process. Inter-professional care involves collaboration with various healthcare professionals. Nurses have to focus on building relationships with their team members to improve their effectiveness in delivering care tailored to the needs of the elderly population (Mezzich, 2011). Nurses have to recognize the significance of team building in improving the care process. Nurses are the key stakeholders to who guide the collaborative care model to support patient-oriented approach to care in managing osteoporosis among the aged. This is key in keeping the patients engaged and activated with the care delivered as well as help the nurses in making better care plan decisions with physicians. It also helps patients in being successful with self-management actions aimed at reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Nurses who prescribe self-management strategies tailored to the needs of the seniors achieve better patient outcomes. Also, involving patients and their families in decision-making process improves patient satisfaction and enhance the efficiency of the care delivery process. Nurses have to engage families and patients to develop the capacity to manage pain in cases where patients have sustained fractures related to osteoporosis. This improves the effectiveness of the pain treatment method and improves quality of life. Nurses have to emphasize on the importance of pain management for healing. They also have to work with the patients and give early warnings of complications such as hip dislocation, infection, etc. Such signs should be considered as indicators of deteriorating health and should be given preference to ensure patients are diagnosed and treated accordingly. When using non-medication strategies, nurses have to consider the ones that align with the patients needs. Some of the non-medication strategies used to manage osteoporosis include positioning, cold packs, distraction, among others. Pain prevention also has to be done with appropriate pain management strategies such as analgesics or cold packs. Dose and timing of the strategies have to be considered to ensure they are applied appropriately, i.e., when and how to take medication. With regards to prevention, nurses have to coordinate with the family since the patients are handled in outpatient settings. Focus should be placed on ambulation and exercises which the nurses should demonstrate to the patients to ensure they understand what they are supposed to do. The patient and family have to be involved in all phases of care to ensure the prevention strategies are successful. Families provide social support to the patient which is key in promoting healing. It is the role of the nurse to encourage patients to perform many self-care actions. Patients have to perform as much as their pain can allow. The nurses also have to offer patients a plan that involves activities that include mild exercise. It is important for nurses attending to the aged people at risk of osteoporosis in outpatient settings to assess new pain sites and monitor patients pain level as well as monitor their response to the pain management strategies applied (Claesson, 2015). Nurses have to explain all treatments and procedures to patients and ensure that they understand the prescribed medications. Also, nurses have a responsibility to provide emotional support to help patients cope with pain and their health conditions. Conclusion Osteoporosis is a major disease that affects the elderly and contributes to a majority of bone fractures for people aged 50 and above. It has become a health issue that affects the society and requires concerted efforts among healthcare providers to be mitigated. Inter-professional patient-centered care is a key care model that can assist in preventing and managing osteoporosis among the elderly population. This care model involves a collaborative approach to take which incorporates a team made up of various healthcare professionals. The model focuses on the patients as an individual and prioritizes the needs and expectations of the patients. Nurses play a key role in providing patient-oriented care which is appropriate for the elderly population as it is at high risk of osteoporosis and requires attention. Nurses are the driving force behind patient-centered care hence have to be focused on forging relationships with patients to gain an insight into their health problems. It is recommendable for nurses to not only connect with the patients as caregivers but also support them emotionally. The nurses should involve patients and families in all treatment phases to ensure care given aligns with their needs and values. Also, nurses should at all times respect the values of the patients and respond to their needs accordingly. References Antonelli, M., Einstadter, D., Magrey, M. (2014). Screening and treatment of osteoporosis after hip fracture: comparison of sex and race.Journal of Clinical Densitometry,17(4), 479-483. Bartz, C. C. (2010). International Council of Nurses and person-centered care.International Journal of Integrated Care,10(5). Broulik, P. D., Vondrova, J., Ruzicka, P., Sedlacek, R., Zima, T. (2010). The effect of chronic alcohol administration on bone mineral content and bone strength in male rats.Physiological Research,59(4), 599. Claesson, A., Toth-Pal, E., Piispanen, P., Salminen, H. (2015). District nurses perceptions of osteoporosis management: a qualitative study.Osteoporosis International,26(7), 1911-1918. Cloninger, C. R. (2011). Person?centred integrative care.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice,17(2), 371-372. Ekman, I., Swedberg, K., Taft, C., Lindseth, A., Norberg, A., Brink, E., ... Lidn, E. (2011). Person-centered careReady for prime time.European journal of cardiovascular nursing,10(4), 248-251. Emkey, G. R., Epstein, S. (2014). Secondary osteoporosis: pathophysiology diagnosis.Best practice research Clinical endocrinology metabolism,28(6), 911-935. Esses, S. I., McGuire, R., Jenkins, J., Finkelstein, J., Woodard, E., Watters III, W. C., ... Sluka, P. (2011). The treatment of symptomatic osteoporotic spinal compression fractures.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,19(3), 176-182. Finset, A. (2011). Research on person?centred clinical care.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice,17(2), 384-386. Garriguet, D. (2011). Bone health: osteoporosis, calcium and vitamin D.Health reports,22(3), 7. Khawaji, M., Astermark, J., kesson, K., Berntorp, E. (2010). Physical activity for prevention of osteoporosis in patients with severe haemophilia on long?term prophylaxis.Haemophilia,16(3), 495-501. Korhonen, N., Niemi, S., Parkkari, J., Sievnen, H., Palvanen, M., Kannus, P. (2013). Continuous decline in incidence of hip fracture: nationwide statistics from Finland between 1970 and 2010.Osteoporosis International,24(5), 1599-1603. Langsetmo, L., Hitchcock, C. L., Kingwell, E. J., Davison, K. S., Berger, C., Forsmo, S., ... Prior, J. C. (2012). Physical activity, body mass index and bone mineral densityassociations in a prospective population-based cohort of women and men: The Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos).Bone,50(1), 401-408. Lekamwasam, S., Adachi, J. D., Agnusdei, D., Bilezikian, J., Boonen, S., Borgstrm, F., ... Kanis, J. A. (2012). A framework for the development of guidelines for the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.Osteoporosis International,23(9), 2257-2276. Looker, A. C., Borrud, L. G., Dawson-Hughes, B., Shepherd, J. A., Wright, N. C. (2012).Osteoporosis Or Low Bone Mass at the Femur Neck Or Lumbar Spine in Older Adults, United States, 2005-2008. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Maurel, D. B., Boisseau, N., Benhamou, C. L., Jaffre, C. (2012). Alcohol and bone: review of dose effects and mechanisms.Osteoporosis International,23(1), 1-16. Mezzich, J. (2011). Building person-centered medicine through dialogue and partnerships: perspective from the international network for person-centered medicine.International Journal of Person Centered Medicine,1(1), 10-13. Morgan, S., Yoder, L. H. (2012). A concept analysis of person-centered care.Journal of Holistic Nursing,30(1), 6-15. Nieuwenhuijse, M. J., Van Erkel, A. R., Dijkstra, P. D. S. (2012). Percutaneous vertebroplasty for subacute and chronic painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures can safely be undertaken in the first year after the onset of symptoms.J Bone Joint Surg Br,94(6), 815-820. Powe, C. E., Ricciardi, C., Berg, A. H., Erdenesanaa, D., Collerone, G., Ankers, E., ... Bhan, I. (2011). Vitamin Dbinding protein modifies the vitamin Dbone mineral density relationship.Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,26(7), 1609-1616. Rachner, T. D., Khosla, S., Hofbauer, L. C. (2011). Osteoporosis: now and the future.The Lancet,377(9773), 1276-1287. Riggs, B. L. (2012). Age-related osteoporosis.Nutrition and Aging, 207. Rizzoli, R., Stevenson, J. C., Bauer, J. M., van Loon, L. J., Walrand, S., Kanis, J. A., ... Reginster, J. Y. (2014). The role of dietary protein and vitamin D in maintaining musculoskeletal health in postmenopausal women: a consensus statement from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO).Maturitas,79(1), 122-132. Tyagi, A. M., Srivastava, K., Mansoori, M. N., Trivedi, R., Chattopadhyay, N., Singh, D. (2012). Estrogen deficiency induces the differentiation of IL-17 secreting Th17 cells: a new candidate in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.PloS one,7(9), e44552. Wolff, J. L., Boyd, C. M. (2015). A look at person-centered and family-centered care among older adults: results from a national survey.Journal of general internal medicine,30(10), 1497-1504. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-61487148639176690032019-12-01T04:35:00.001-08:002019-12-01T04:35:03.805-08:00Their Eyes Were Watching God Persuasive Essay Example For Students Their Eyes Were Watching God Persuasive Essay How is love to influence our lives? Love-struck people do crazy things toexpress how they care for that particular person yet it is a long and windy roadto these actions. It is down this path that experience spawns and trouble andhappiness are felt. Janie Crawford of Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes WereWatching God, shows the road through the steps of her three relationships. Theserelationships, though not fulfilling ones, conclude in bettering Janiessearch and understanding of life. Johnny Taylor, Janies first kiss andgatekeeper to her future, When Janie was sixteen, she embarked on a sexualawakening. Johnny Taylor was a poor young man who lived in the Florida area. We will write a custom essay on Their Eyes Were Watching God Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Janie allowed him to kiss her over the fence. Unfortunately, Nanny saweverything. With Nannys horrendous background of sinful deeds done to her,she wanted the best for Janie. As she saw the kiss, the doors of life opened forJanie and Nanny wasnt going to have her make the same mistakes that she had. Yet, Nanny had been impregnated under the circumstances of being a slave andthis was not the case for Janie. Nanny stated that black women were the mulesof the world, but she didnt want Janie to be a mule. She wanted to see Janiein a secure situation before she died, and Logan Killicks could provide that. Janie did not want to marry Logan, but she did so because Nanny told her thatshe would eventually come to love him. Ironically, Logan wanted to forceJanie into the servitude that Nanny feared. Also, he was disappointed that Janienever returned his affection and attraction. If he could not possess her throughlove, he would possess her by demanding her submission. At heart, his actionsarose from the fear that Janie would leave him. Two months after her marriage toLogan, Janie visited Nanny to ask when she would start loving him. Nanny beratedJanie for not appreciating Logans wealth. Although Logan pampered Janie for ayear, he began complaining that she was spoiled. That night, Logan criticizedJanie for being spoiled and lazy. Janie voiced his deepest fears when shesuggested that she might leave him. Logan reminded her of her familysreputation, hoping to hurt her feelings. Turning to these drastic of measuresblew Janie into a frenzy and she left with a smooth-talking gentleman that very next day. Janie chose to leave Logan for Jody because he revived her dreams oflove in marriage. Her first marriage had taught her that marriage and love donot go hand in hand. However, she still believed that love was the bestmotivation for marriage. Jody promised that he would never turn Janie into acommon pack mule. He promised her that she would reap all the benefits of hiswork. His words eerily echo Nannys dream of respectability and financialsecurity for Janie. However, Janie didnt marry Jody because of these promises. She married him because he inspired the feelings she had experienced whilesitting under the blossoming peach tree when she was sixteen and the moment herwomanhood became crystal clear. Ironically, Janies marriage to Jody was thevery embodiment of Nannys dreams for her. Unlike Logan, he did not make her apack mule. He gave her financial security and respectability. However, themarriage was largely an unhappy union. Janie could not be herself around Jody. Moreover, Jody still used Janie as a garbage even though he gave her wealth andrespectability. So it seems that Nannys worst fears and her highest hopes wererealized in Janies second marriage. It was until one afternoon in the storethat she met a lofty yet handsome young man who went, strangely enough, by thename of Tea Cake. Tea Cakes courtship was different from that of Logan andJody. Janies first marriage was more of a contract of sale between Nanny andLogan than anything else. Janies second marriage was an escape from the firstone. Moreover, it was based on disappointed dreams. Jody courted her by talkingabout himself and his dreams. Tea Cake, on the other hand, pursued Janie with amore romantic flair. Also, he allowed her equal footing in negotiating the termsof their relationship. Gaining personal freedom was a two-fold process. First,she had to be free in her private life, but she also had to free herself fromrestricting social attitudes. Only then could she begin to heal the rift betweenher outside self and her inside self. She feels that what she has learned fromher relationship with Tea Cake cannot be conveyed through words. .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f , .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f .postImageUrl , .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f , .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f:hover , .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f:visited , .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f:active { border:0!important; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f:active , .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e8deeaab4a5b882290ce1cd98c0fc9f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Childhood EssaySelf-realization is a personal journey that can only be made through gaininglife experience. Therefore, Janie acknowledges the flaws inherent in retellingher life, but she does not necessarily undercut the importance of having foundher voice. Neither does she undercut the benefit of sharing her story withothers. She doesnt believe that her story should be the single, authoritativeguidebook to self-realization. It can, however, inspire others to re-examinetheir lives. Book Reports Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-12008860742790618702019-11-26T12:31:00.001-08:002019-11-26T12:31:05.017-08:00Collateral Victims of Cultural Conflicts The WritePass JournalCollateral Victims of Cultural Conflicts Abstract Collateral Victims of Cultural Conflicts AbstractChap 1: Introduction.Chap 2: Literature ReviewChap 3: Research MethodologyChap 4: Social PolicyChap 5: Research Findings and Analysis.Chap 6: Comparative element (secondary materials)Chap 7: The Role of the Youth and Community Worker.Chap 8: Conclusions and recommendations.Related Abstract The main aim of this piece of work is to explore the views and opinions of young people of African origins (especially those from the DR Congo) who have come to settle in the United Kingdom, on how they would cope with being raised in a country with a different culture. Though the study emphasized more the reactions and attitudes of young people on being raised by their parents in an African manner, the views of parents on trying to educate their children in an African manner in a country with a different approach, understanding and different principles, are also taken into consideration. The introductory chapters give a brief overview of the reasons why this topic was chosen, the study aims and objectives and also the research methodology. The following chapters focus more on the complexities of multiculturalism and of the different styles of educating children both in the DR Congo and in the UK. Despite the work finally closing with a summary conclusion and key recommendations for ways forwards, further research may still be necessary to determine if the opinions and views of the participants may be representative of the majority. Chap 1: Introduction. This paper will be an attempt to critically look at the lives of children of asylum seekers/refugees/migrants living in the UK, especially those coming from Central Africa and more particularly from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). While parents of Congolese origin will tend to think that the Western society has brain ââ¬Ëspoiltââ¬â¢ and/or ââ¬Ëdamagedââ¬â¢ their children, turning them into ââ¬Ëlittle rebelsââ¬â¢, the western world will instead have the perspective that these parents are simply abusing their children with their way of educating them or dealing with their issues.à Victoria Climbià © is one such example that many living in the United Kingdom will still have in mind. The main reason for these different perspectives will be the respective cultures of the two parts. The innocent children would therefore find themselves in the middle as ââ¬Ëcollateral victimsââ¬â¢ of a cultural conflict. Do these parents have the right to be harsh on thei r children because of their beliefs/culture? Do they really understand how things work in the UK, with the evident problem of language being the first barrier for their integration? What is the right balance between the two extremes? Is a certain type of media which is stereotyping parents of African origin as ââ¬Ëchild abusersââ¬â¢ helping? And finally, what should be the contribution of a youth and community worker to both the lives of young people and parents finding themselves in these situations. These are some of the questions that this piece of work will attempt to answer in an impartial way. Coming from the same background (the African one), reasons for prioritising this topic is the fact that both as a youth and community worker and as an African of origins, personal hope is that some change and challenge will be made to, if not necessarily the way children are being treated by some African parents, but to the way they believe is the best way of dealing with children, on the one hand. In fact, from personal experience, being born in Africa and having being raised there until the age of 30 when I then permanently moved to the United Kingdom, personal understanding and perspective is effectively that parents of African origins will generally tend to give their children very little ââ¬Ëvoiceââ¬â¢ and/or ââ¬Ëspaceââ¬â¢ or simply no voice at all in the all process of their education. They will, more than their European counterparts, appear to use ââ¬Ëreasonable chastisementââ¬â¢ to ââ¬Ëdisciplineââ¬â¢ their offspring, a practice still permitted by the law in most African countries. Considerations of matters such as children/young peopleââ¬â¢s rights will generally have very little importance or even in some extreme cases no importance at all in the sights of some/many parents of African origins. Many parents of DR Congo origins will only effectively hear about children/young peopleââ¬â¢s rights when arriving in the UK as these are not ââ¬Ëpopularââ¬â¢ topics in African contexts and countries, where issues of power, equality, respect and social justice are highly placed at the rear plan due to political, economic and cultural factors. Conversely, on the other hand personal hope is also that, some serious reflexion on the negative sides of giving ââ¬Ëtoo much voice and/or spaceââ¬â¢ to children/young people will also be honestly and critically examined. In fact, so many times emphasis will be put on parents (of African origins) being ââ¬Ërudeââ¬â¢ with their children. But little or even nothing at all would be done in cases where so many parents (of African descents) will go through depression, rejection, abjectness, misery and even physical assaults, all due to the fact that their children/young people would be ââ¬Ëexcessively using their rights of being children/young peopleââ¬â¢. Finally, another expectation of this work is to try and get the British/Western society to understand better where these parents of African origins are coming from in terms of their culture and consequently stops stereotyping/stigmatising them. There would tend to be more assumptions than real insights/knowledge when it comes to African cultures amongst the British/western public opinion. From personal experience of living in the UK for more than ten years now, it would appear that native form the UK would know very little about African cultures and would generally show very little interest in knowing whatââ¬â¢s going on beyond the UKââ¬â¢s boundaries, particularly in Africa. Overview of following chapters The following are some of the issues that will be addressed in this dissertation: Chapter 2:à Literature review This part will propose a comprehensive and extensive review of relevant literature on the topic area, including reliable internet sources, academic texts and journals articles. It will be an attempt to relate the chosen topic to existing knowledge, finding the gaps in them and eventually necessary future research/works to be done. Chapter 3:à à Research methodology In this chapter, principles and rules employed for the study will be analysed. The main issues to be discussed will include: The research design Procedures for data collection Why some specific procedures would have been preferred to others Participants observations Ethical considerations The process of interviews, its advantages and difficulties. Chapter 4:à à Social policy This piece of work will move on trying to link the issue to current and/or contemporary social policies. A particular focus will be on the ââ¬ËEvery Child Mattersââ¬â¢ (ECM) policy though others social policies such as ââ¬ËAiming high for childrenââ¬â¢ may also be taken into consideration. Chapter 5:à à Research findings and analysis This is obviously the most important part of the work where all live conducted interviews will critically, carefully and impartially be analysed. Their results will then be related to the main topic of this piece of work to try and learn something from them. Chap 6: Comparative element (secondary materials) This is where issues of power and/or differences in relation with raising children of DR Congolese origins and children of Indian origins/culture will be analysed and compared. Results from primary research will also be compared to secondary materials where possible. Chap 7: The Role of the Youth and Community Worker. This chapter will look at the crucial role the youth and community worker can particularly play with young person finding themselves in such complex situations, but also what support can they bring to the parents involved in the same process. Chapter 8:à à Conclusion and recommendations After some considerations on the limitations of the study and some useful recommendations in relation to the exploited topic, a general conclusion will finally be drawn. Chap 2: Literature Review This chapterââ¬â¢s main aim will be to critically review the points of current knowledge on the studyââ¬â¢s topic, generally looking at relevant literature/materials in connection with the study. From outset, it might be important to signal here that not much has been previously written in the specific area of the DR Congoââ¬â¢s children being raised in the UK. Especially in Greater Manchester where the study has been conducted, same studies or research work to do with children/young people from the DR Congo being raised by parents of African origins are very difficult to find. But from an initial internet search, the few relevant materials in connection with this dissertationââ¬â¢s topic have been some articles on children from the DR Congo been maltreated by their parents mainly due to religion which is sometimes infused with elements of the traditional in many African countries. One particular case was a story on many newspaper front pages, of a young boy branded by a hot iron because his father thought he was a witch (BBC website, 2007). Looking at most of the newspapers and websites in relation to this story, what came out was that there was a general feeling of in crimination rightly based on the horrible act committed by this DR Congolese father without looking any further at ways to try and help the parents involved if not to recommend their community leaders to some kind of child protection courses. One may rightly confirm that there was no sympathy at all from the general public. Some materials in relation with children/young persons of other African countries such as Ivory Coast which is a country close to the DR Congo in terms of cultures have been considered. One really notable case resulting is the one of the Victoria Climbià ©Ã¢â¬â¢s Inquiry Report from the House of Commons Health Committee (2002-2003). Victoria Climbià © was a young girl who died on 25th February 2000 as I just arrived in the UK on the 2nd February 2000. The case, which is still fresh in my memory as it really shocked me at the time, will be another key point of this literature review. The reporting committee found that this young girl from Ivory Coast who came to live in London with her great-aunt, Marie-Thà ©rà ¨se Kouao and with her grant- auntââ¬â¢s partner, died because of multiple injuries arising from months of ill-treatment and abuse by her great-aunt and her partner who were both convicted and sentenced later on. Without going back into the details of this traumatic an d shocking story, something to be noticed in the report is the Inquiryââ¬â¢s findings of staff making assumptions that because people originated from a particular culture, that behaviour could be described as being culturally determined when in fact they knew nothing about that culture and had never visited the country. The report clearly suggested that Victoriaââ¬â¢s African culture (and religion) were the reasons why the all regrettable tragedy happened, while acknowledging that this culture misled some of those who came to deal with the case directly. On this one, African culture (and religion) was clearly be put on the bench of accused as having a very bad influence and bad consequences on the education, safety and protection of children. Moving from there and looking at books/materials on multiculturalism, a theme closely linked to the main title of this study, one point of focus was the excellent study of Taylor et al (1994) on multiculturalism in which they made the point that cultures deserve admiration and respect, even if it is accompanied by much that we have to abhor and reject.à Similar point of view could also be found and read in others books and authors writing on the same theme. Many writers while agreeing on the necessity of multiculturalism in todayââ¬â¢s society would however always make sure that those coming from outside should to some extents be ââ¬Ëassimilatedââ¬â¢ into the new culture they were joining. A very recent study on multiculturalism from the Journal of Intercultural Studies (2011) rightly pointed out that Contemporary popular debates around multiculture ââ¬â or even worse multiculturalism ââ¬â have tended to take a sceptical stance, to the extent it is understood as a ââ¬Ëfailureââ¬â¢. This will join in agreement with Thomas (2011) who argued that Since the 2001 ââ¬Ërace riotsââ¬â¢ in the North of England and the 7/7/2005 horrific events in London bombings, the botched attacks two years later on a Glasgow airport and a number of very serious foiled plots, Britain appeared to reject multiculturalism. One critic called it ââ¬Ëthe death of multiculturalismââ¬â¢. One thinking moving a bit in the opposite direction was the work of Paul Gilroy (1993) ââ¬ËThe Black Atlanticââ¬â¢ who made a strong liberating call to the forces of cultural nationalism trapped in their respective camps. He made the interesting point that being both European and black requires some specific forms of double consciousness. McCalla (2003) seemed to argue in the same sense, going even a bit further in her book ââ¬ËBlack Success in the UKââ¬â¢, suggesting that one of the strategy utilised by mothers of Caribbean/African origin in their childrearing to challenge racism is to provide their children with a sense of cultural belonging and a collective racialised identity that they can draw strength from in times of difficulties. She seems to make the point that the original culture of the child of African/Caribbean origin can be ââ¬Ëpositivelyââ¬â¢ used for their success in the British society, giving them some kind of strong identity. Despite all the above considerations, it might however be reasonable enough to say that most of these books/writings/materials have one major weakness: they donââ¬â¢t really understand African cultures and in some cases donââ¬â¢t even want to understand them. For the few who have attempted to get some deep insight on them, it is mainly about acknowledging and recognizing their existence without real will of practical understanding/knowledge of them. Personal concern when doing this literature review was also that no matter long could have a study conducted or a book written by a non African taken, it would still be very difficult for such a writer or researcher, despite all their willingness, to deeply grasp and understand some complex elements of African culture. Moreover, for some books/materials, by trying to protect the (African) child (only), it seems like the parentsââ¬â¢ point of view (and culture) is simply ignored in many material relating to the subject. Assumption has instead always been made as to the conclusion that these children are being held ââ¬Ëcaptivesââ¬â¢ without their own consent. Very little has been done to try and find if the child themselves prefer the parent original culture. There is like a ââ¬Ëtaxationââ¬â¢ of the western culture and an obligation to renounce at oneââ¬â¢s original culture. By trying to protect the British/European culture, the African culture is generally ignored. Not much help and effort to understand where the parents come from and try to help them as others in similar situations would benefit and get some compassion from the general public. In fact, Looking at an article from the Guardian (2009) ââ¬ËTracey Connelly: the story of a woman defined by abuseââ¬â¢- on a simila r horrible similar story to the Victoria Climbià ©Ã¢â¬â¢s one, committed by the parents of baby Peter Connolly can reinforce this stand point. The Guardian effectively tried to look at the reasons why Tracey Connelly, the mother of this lovely innocent baby, would commit such an atrocity on her own child and came to the conclusion that the fact that she had had a similar childhood (of abuse) which consequently led her into a drinking and pornographic life should be into consideration. Looking at a blog/debate linked to this article got to personal conclusion that many in fact became a bit sympathetic with Tracey, arguing that it would be important not only to look at what had happened but to try and find the reasons/roots and try and fight them from there to ensure that such events do not re happen in the future. Personal expectations are now that the following chapters of this work will give a better balanced view of the topic and hopefully suggest some positive recommendations related to the main theme of the study. Chap 3: Research Methodology This third chapter of the paper will explore the process of information gathering, including a rationale for any specific research methods chosen and relevant ethical issues. This study has drawn on a wide range of sources. However, for the purpose of information gathering, it has mainly used ââ¬Ëqualitativeââ¬â¢ methods. As Bedford and Wilson (2006) argued, while quantitative research collects facts and study the relationship between one set and another, gauging public opinion, qualitative research, almost the opposite of quantitative research, is more concerned with trying to gain an insight into human perception of the world and, as such, recognize that it is not wise to generalise about human reactions, opinions, attitudes and so on. In the qualitative research, the hypothesis or theory comes after the data collection. For the purpose of qualitative research, the strategy mainly consisted on organising face to face interviews with different members of the public who were susceptible to bring any kind of contribution to the study. Most interviews were live and were recorded. The original idea was to conduct interviews with some young people of African origin and others interviews with parents of the same backgrounds. But after the first interview with one young person, some serious difficulties due to disclosure and maturity problems led to a change of approach. As a matter of facts, after consultation with the university tutor, it was then agreed to only interview adults of African origin who came in the United Kingdom as children, who would then relate their experience of being raised by parents of African origins in the a British context/culture. This strategy was found as being more reasonable and protective for the interviewer, and was consequently used. Insistence was on asking them to try and be as honest as possible and give their feelings/thoughts/perspectives of those times when they first arrived so young. This was because in the due process of growing up and becoming parents, some of them slightly/completely shifted their position today on the subject of being raised by African of Congolese origins. This was so important not to allow the research to get wrong answers, consequently wrong data. All together, 6 interviews have been conducted, recorded and transcripted. Four interviews were conducted on the experience of being raised in the UK by parents of African origins and the other two were done with parents of African origins raising children in the UK. Two of the six interviewees are people with whom previous rapport was established in the past. Difficulty wise, as said a bit above, one key problem was the one of disclosure. In fact, the topic being a very sensitive one, it was not easy to find people ready and happy to talk about such difficult and private things. For some reasons, 2 of the interviewees consented to be interviewed at the condition that they would not be recorded live. The methodology with them was to take note straight as they were answering the interviewââ¬â¢s questionnaire. African beliefs and culture in general and specifically DR Congoleseââ¬â¢s one was also a serious problem. In fact, coming from the same ground, personal strong knowledge and experience have usually shown that people from the DR Congo are very sceptical whenever it comes to anything like interview or similar things. It took a lot to convince interviewees about the well founded of the all thing and its benefits for the general society. Personal privilege of being able to speak many DR Congolese main languages really helped in the all process. In fact, in the absence of financial support/vouchers to encourage those taking part into the research, the technique used to convince people was to speak to them in their respective dialect. This put them into confidence and made them more relaxed. The interview questions were agreed in consultation with the university tutor. One vital element in conceiving them was to avoid using ââ¬Ëleadingââ¬â¢ and/or ââ¬Ëmisleadingââ¬â¢ questions. General questions were to be used instead of questions which were susceptible of leading into private areas of the interviewees lives. An example of an interview questionnaire can be found in the index at the end of the work. In terms of ethical issues, it is important to note here that ââ¬Ërespectââ¬â¢ of both human being and opinions of people either interviewed or simply approached to get an interview was vital and capital, constituting the basis of all research process. When for example there was a strict refusal for the interview to be recorded as the interviewee as said above, the interviewee not wanting their voice and/or answers to stay somewhere, it was important to show total respect of their opinion and not to insist on recording the interview. The specific context of African mentality being difficult and also because of the sensibility of the topic which may lead to some legal persecution, consent forms were used before all interviews. Permanent consultation took place with the dissertation tutor about the right decision to take in case of incertitude or in complex situations. Again as said a bit above, because two of the interviewees were of people with whom previous contacts were estab lished in the past and because of personal social position in the DR Congolese community in Greater Manchester doing that many people know me, the aspect of confidentiality was essential in the all study. Despite the use of consent forms at the beginning of all interviews, it was really necessary to make strong assurances to each interview that none of the collected information would be used without their consent. Finally, from recent work undertaken during a university placement in a local non for profit organisation in Greater Manchester mainly working asylum seekers/refugees/migrants from the DR Congo, some information were also gathered from that experience. The placement took place in an organisation called African Francophone Integration Project Ltd (AFIP). This organisation located in Beswick, has as main objective to help asylum seekers/refugees/migrants newly arriving in the UK in their integration process. Most service users of the organisation are form the DR Congo, some form different countries of Africa. Some personal non recorded informal talking with the first Director of the organisation on the subject also gave some interesting elements which this work will at some point draw on. The first Director related some of his personal experience in dealing with some personal cases in relationship with this study theme, notably one case of a parent and their child who were referred to them by the Central Manchester social services. Summarizing this important topic on the methodology used for this research, one key point may be that despite all difficulties encountered when conducting this research, the certitude is that the information harvested during this entire project have provided a strong base for analysing the main topic. Another important point in closing this section is that all research was really conducted in a professional and ethical way. Chap 4: Social Policy This chapter will outline the key reference to historical and contemporary developments in social policy, legislation and welfare interventions relative to this paperââ¬â¢s topic. It will also briefly explore wider policies that take into consideration the well being and/or protection of young people (of diverse backgrounds). The main piece of legislation which this piece of work is concerned with is the ââ¬ËEvery Child Mattersââ¬â¢ (ECM) policy. The Government Department for Education Website (2011) explains that the Every Child Matters policy is a set of reforms supported by the Children Act 2004. Its aim is for every child, to have the support they need to: Be healthy Stay safe Enjoy and achieve Make a positive contribution Achieve economic well-being Still from the department of Education Website on the origins of this policy, it can be understood that the ECM policy came into power after the horrendous death of a young girl called Victoria Climbià ©. This case was briefly evoked in the literature review. At the hands of those entrusted with her cares, Victoria suffered appallingly and eventually died. Her case was a shocking example from a list of children terribly abused and mistreated. Every inquiry related to this specific case has brought forwards proposals for change and improvement to the child protection system. There have been reforms. The Green Paper, Every Child Matters, which sets outs the governmentââ¬â¢s proposals for reforming the delivery of services for children, young people and families, builds on existing measures to ensure that children at risk of harm and neglect are protected from negative outcomes and support all children to develop their full potential. Beyond this, this Green paper also address the p roblem of children falling through the cracks between different services, emphasizing that child protection can not be separated from policies to improve childrenââ¬â¢s lives as a whole. The document looks at the progress towards a framework of services which will support every child, using this as a context in which to consider the specific need of children at risk. It stresses the importance of information sharing between different government agencies and of a higher level of accountability. One may rightly agree that since the implementation of this social policy, there have been so many positive improvements in the protection and well being of children, though much still need to be done. Trying to link this wonderful social policy which has certainly brought more protection and safety for children and young people to the DR Congo culture of raising children, one certain fact is that they unfortunately donââ¬â¢t always walk along. In fact, most parents really close to the culture of ââ¬Ëdisciplineââ¬â¢ will tend to think that this policy has given children/young people to much space for ââ¬Ërebellionââ¬â¢ against their parents, despite the fact that most of them would acknowledged that cases such as the Victoria Climbià ©Ã¢â¬â¢s one are not to be encouraged at all or to be repeated, ever. The reasoning beyond this from the perspective of African parents is that policies such as the ECM have unfortunately treated all parents as being Victoriaââ¬â¢s parents, not recognizing that all parents are not as evil as Victoriaââ¬â¢s tutors were. The ECM would however acknowledge that all parents are not to maltreat and suffer their children as Victoria Cl imbià ©Ã¢â¬â¢s tutors did, but would instead prefer ââ¬Ësafety than being sorryââ¬â¢. Another really inescapable social policy that is certainly linked to the studyââ¬â¢s topic is the ââ¬ËAiming High for Childrenââ¬â¢ Policy. The Department for Education website (2011) summarizes this policy in these terms: The governmentââ¬â¢s aim is to ensure that, every child irrespective of race, gender, backgrounds or circumstances, gets the best start in life and the ongoing support that they and their families need to allow them to fulfil their potential. It wants to do this in a partnership with active, responsible parents and empowered communities, supported by public services that delivered packages of support tailored to familiesââ¬â¢ needs. To support parents to meet their responsibilities in raising their children and to help strengthen the role of communities in supporting parents, the government has made tackling childââ¬â¢s poverty a priority since 1997, has created a network of Sure Starts Childrenââ¬â¢s Centres to support children and their families in the vital early years. The government wants to ensure that the primary role of public services is to support families and communities to improve childrenââ¬â¢s outcomes. This great policy which has effectively ensured that many children, especially those from low income families, a group where many asylum seekers/refugees from the DR Congo would find themselves, have a real good start in life. However, there would appear again to have some conflicts in terms of what children of Africans origins receive as early education which some parents believe sets them on a wrong path from start. As this will be soon explored in the next chapter on the results and analysis of interviews one parent complained that their children are taught from very early ââ¬Ëhow to dial 999 for anything they might think their parents do to them which they would not approveââ¬â¢. The debate may go on for so long. Closing this chapter, it might be of help to recall that the UK government social policies in relationship with the education and protection of children/young people have made such a great difference in so many lives, though they donââ¬â¢t always go along with some parents of African origins opinions, and also though much still need to be done to improve them. Chap 5: Research Findings and Analysis. This chapter, obviously the most important part of the dissertation, will focus on all live (recorded) interviews conducted for the purpose of this study. The chapter will be composed of two main parts: in the first part, all conducted interviews will be reported and explained. The second part will mainly focus on critically analysing their results. All together, a total of 6 interviews were conducted. All of the six persons interviewed live in Greater Manchester, UK. There were 4 females and two males. As said a bit above in the third chapter on the methodology of research, because of some complications to do with disclosure and age, it was decided after consultation with my university tutor to only interview adults, but who had come to the UK as children/young persons. The study being interested not only with the experience of young people of African descent being raised in the UK by their parents/tutors but also with the parents themselves, four interviews were related to the experience of young people and the other two were of the parents talking about their experience of raising up children/young people in the UK. All of the six persons interviewed were aged between the age of 25 and 35 at the moment of the interviews taking place. Most of the participants relating their experience of young people came to the UK when they w ere aged between 8 and 14. Three of them were living with their direct biological parents and one with an uncle. All of their parents/uncle was originally from the DR Congo. One particular point which may be important to signal here is that one of the interviewee, who gave their experience of young person of African origins living in the UK, first came to live in the UK themselves as a young person and has now become parent themselves at a very early age when still living with her parents. Sheââ¬â¢s now living alone and has consequently the double experience of have been in both positions the study was interested with. Carefully looking at all answers given by all the persons interviewed, one key thing to be noted first was that the answers of ââ¬Ëyoung peopleââ¬â¢ were diverse/different from one to another while in the answers given by parents, many similarities could be found. Young people. Answering the key interview question of briefly relating their personal experience of being rose in the UK by parents of African origins, two amongst the four ââ¬Ëyoung personsââ¬â¢ interviewed thought the experience was negative and difficult. One striking point was that all two mentioned the fact that at the very beginning when they first came to live in the UK with their parents, there was no problem at all. But it is only after a few months (for one of them) or a few years (for the other one) that difficulties started arising. They all raised the point that when they got used to the way their peers were living and started imitating/copying them, thatââ¬â¢s when they got into disagreement with their parents who were for all of the two persons interviewed very ââ¬Ëtraditionalââ¬â¢ (according to the term used by one of them) or very ââ¬Ëold fashionââ¬â¢ (according to the second interviewee). The two ââ¬Ëyoung peopleââ¬â¢ found really painful and difficult the fact that they, at the same time loved their parents and loved their ââ¬Ënew worldââ¬â¢, as they put it. They reported that they found it difficult to try and choose between the British way of life and what their parents were asking them to follow as strict rules. They all unanimously thought that they were misunderstood by their ââ¬Ëold fashionââ¬â¢ parents and would sometimes not know what to do as they had originally been raised (in Africa) in a way of total submission to their parents with no rights to argue with their decisions at all. The third ââ¬Ëyoung personââ¬â¢ answering the interview questions came to live in the UK at the age of 9 with her parents of African origin. Her parents were strict on the fact that the way to ââ¬Ëlive her lifeââ¬â¢ was the African manner but were more understandingââ¬â¢ when she had different opinions. The parents were well educated persons since back in Africa where the dad had a BA from a DR Congolese university. They would however clearly state to her that the British way of life was ââ¬Ëdangerous and wrongââ¬â¢ has it could leads her into a lot of trouble in the future. She reported that she eventually got into a ââ¬Ëbad groupââ¬â¢ of friends from school/college and ended up with becoming pregnant at nearly 16 years old. Her words were that the all experience of been raised by parents of African descent was not too bad because of the fact that her parents were more ââ¬Ëopen mindedââ¬â¢ than most African parents who would give very little time to listen to their children and discuss with them. She nevertheless tried and made the point that, reflecting on her life after the pregnancy, she thought that despite the fact she thought at some point that her parents were too much like ââ¬Ëvillage peopleââ¬â¢, had she followed their ââ¬Ëway of lifeââ¬â¢ tough she didnââ¬â¢t like it much, she might have had a (positive) different life today. Answering the same crucial interview question on the personal experience of being raised by parents of African culture in a British environment and culture, the fourth ââ¬Ëyoung personââ¬â¢ however went a bit in the opposite direction. In fact, he related that the all experience was a very good one without any ââ¬Ëdifficultyââ¬â¢ as he completely stayed in the line of what his parents told him to do. He continued saying that because his personal understanding of the all thing was that the British way of life was ââ¬Ëdeceptiveââ¬â¢ and could potentially lead into a lot of troubles, he decided to stick with his parents way of education and didnââ¬â¢t find any problem with being raised in Europe/the UK by parents educating her in ââ¬Ëan African mannerââ¬â¢. Parents. As said a bit above, both parents who were females for the two them, have many similarities. As a matter of facts, they both made the common point in their answers that raising children in Europe/the UK is not easy at all, according to them. The reason why was about exactly the same. According to them, when they would like to raise their children in a disciplinary way as they had themselves been raised since back in Africa, they would encountered ââ¬Ëthe resistanceââ¬â¢ of their child (as they put it) who would in many cases not listen to them anymore because they would have ââ¬Ëknown their rightsââ¬â¢. One of them insisted on the fact that giving a sense of discipline to children doesnââ¬â¢t necessarily mean using physical punishment. She gave an example of the way of being dressed which she tried to inculcate to her daughter since they moved to the UK 11 years ago. In a DR Congolese context, she said that it would be such an embarrassing thing for a young girl to be dressed with ââ¬Ërevealing clothesââ¬â¢. According to the point she made, a woman in the Congo with a trouser/skirt revealing her underpants or with a too short skirt would be ââ¬Ëbadly looked at. These types of things are completely normal in Europe she said. She made the point that the way of life in UK has encouraged her daughter to dress ââ¬Ëfreelyââ¬â¢, forgetting her origins and/or culture. Her daughter would sometimes embarrassed her in front of her husband as she wouldnââ¬â¢t listen to anybody, copying her peers at school, on TV, on the streets etc. The second parent though a bit more ââ¬Ëflexible ââ¬Ëon such issues, however still made the point that she sincerely thought that the Congoleseââ¬â¢ way of educating children would teach them to have more respect towards society in general and towards grown up/adults specifically. One clear point she made on the difficulty of raising her daughter in the UK was effectively emphasized on the fact she noti ced a complete change in the sense of lack of respect towards them when they moved to the UK and that their daughter started ââ¬Ëbeing assimilatedââ¬â¢ (according to her words by her friends styles of life. She reported how her daughter would simply threaten them to dial 999 and ring the police for any ââ¬Ëlittleââ¬â¢ thing she would disagree with. Her most serious concerns was raised in these terms: if seems as they (meaning the police, the social services, the government, those in powers, those making law etc) only care about protecting children, which is right. But what about us parents the children are also giving us a terrible time. Youââ¬â¢ve nothing to say and nothing to do as for any little thing not only she may call the police but also you may easily endà up as listed on a child abusers list somewhere. Linking with the above question, both parents were asked about their knowledge of children/young people rights. Both parents acknowledged that they had nev er heard about children/young people rights back in the DR Congo. As Bedford and Elizabeth (2006) pointed out, no matter how interested the researcher is interested in her/his topic (which was my case), she/he do have to keep an open mind about the subject and be careful not to pre-judge the answers. Impartially and critically analyzing the above findings from all interviews, and without trying to over generalize, many may join in agreement with the statement according to which the all process of passing from being educated in an African context with different legislation, beliefs, culture etc to being raised in a very democratic western country such as the United Kingdom must be a really confusing one for the child/young person. In fact, as the answers of most young people appear to suggest they would at some point, agreeing with the parentsââ¬â¢ culture or not, have to make a difficult decision on the best way to follow. And unfortunately some of them have had to make such decisions being as young as 7 or 8. The parents, who for most of them w ere raised up in a specific way of seeing things for all their lives, would be of no help at all, giving their children, as one of the young lads said, no space at all for dialogue. This ââ¬Ëwaterproofââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëno opennessââ¬â¢Ã attitude of parents combined with the hidden desire to enjoy the British way of life will eventually make of these innocent young people without any kind of voice ââ¬Ëcollateral victimsââ¬â¢ of a cultural conflict which they have never asked for. They have just unfortunately found themselves at the wrong place and at the wrong time, one may say. However, trying to read carefully between the lines, from interviews done with the ââ¬Ëyoung peopleââ¬â¢, one important factor is that all young people do not necessarily think that the African way of raising children is ââ¬Ëold fashionââ¬â¢ and wrong. Even though amongst the ââ¬Ëyoung peopleââ¬â¢ interviewed, only one of them went in that direction, it is still a very important fact to be considered. This is really important because the general impression of the general audience/public may generally be that these poor children are being held captive despite their own will to do things which they think is detrimental to their good causes. Turning sights towards the parents, one who might have read their answers reported above will certainly conclude that they also feel like being misunderstood by the general society and being treated unfairly. As said at some point at the opening of this chapter, contrary to the young peopleââ¬â¢s answers which were sometimes completely different form one youngest to another, the parents however, despite some minor differences in opinions, seem to be of the point of view that the western culture and/or way of life is causing ââ¬Ëmore damages than goodââ¬â¢ to children education. Reading their answers will understand that they, of course, are coming form an African point of view on the education of children. Even tough, they were no clear allusion to the use of physical chastisement as the best way of education children, the certainty was that they are formal on the fact that the British way of raising up children, tough with so many positive aspects, seem instead to lack â⠬Ësome discipline taste and/or flavourââ¬â¢ in it. They both thought that combining the actual wonderful way of educating children with some ââ¬Ëauthorityââ¬â¢ would make a better job. Chap 6: Comparative element (secondary materials) This chapter, as one may deduct by its title, will essentially be about a comparison between the DR Congolese culture/way of life, way of educating children in the UK the Indianââ¬â¢s ones. This comparison will be placed into the context of this paper main topic to try and get some lessons. While many or most of children and young people will generally tend to behave the same way and/or have same attitudes/reactions/feelings because of the simple common fact that they are all just ââ¬Ëchildrenââ¬â¢, it may however be right to confirm that each child/young personââ¬â¢s original backgrounds, culture, beliefs, religion etc., will have a strong influence in the way they perceive society. This may lead to say that children of African origins will to some extent be different to those from Asia, in their understanding of how they are being educated by their parents of DR Congolese/Indian descents. Both parents (of DR Congolese and Indian origins) will in the same way, tend to educate their respective offspring accordingly to their respective cultures. From an initial comparative study on DR Congolese culture and the Indianââ¬â¢s one, it was noticed a lot of similarities between the two. From a study on the Indian child website (2011), here are some of the most important characteristics in Indian culture (family culture, values, clothing etc) which will also be found in DR Congolese culture: Indians are highly flexible in the sense that they would like to imbibe the changes dictated by western influence and yet clearly affirms their beliefs in tradition. Indian dress etiquette discourages exposure of skin and wearing transparent or tight clothes. Family culture in Indian is about joy and sharing. Generally India is patriarchal Indian culture is diverse and rich Ancient Indian culture believes in a lot of dogmas and rituals that can be termed as false beliefs. It is customary to respect elders and seek their blessings. Hindu rituals are all about dance and songs. Indians are known for their hospitality and level of tolerance. Observing the belief that there is one God prevailing despite so many religions is a value in India. Family and religion are so closely linked. Trying to compare the rights of children in both countries (DR Congo and India), the following results from the UNICEFââ¬â¢s website on the rights of children in India: In India, childrenââ¬â¢s vulnerabilities and exposure to violations of their protection rights remain spread and multiple in nature. Parentsââ¬â¢ attitudes and perceptions about childââ¬â¢s labour and the value of education is one of the cause underlying childââ¬â¢s labour, though poverty may be one the main reason. The government of India ratified the UN Convention on the rights of the child in 1e November 1992. Most of the rights detailed in the Convention are guaranteed in the Constitution of India. Ensuring that child rights are met for every child is a daunting challenge for India. Reflecting on the above reports on the culture and the rights of children/young people in India, one clear conclusion when comparing them with the same in the Democratic Republic of Congo is that there many similarities not to say that they are totally identical, despite some minorsââ¬â¢ differences. Linking this with this studyââ¬â¢s main topic/ideas, understanding that both DR Congolese and African culture having strong indications of the childââ¬â¢s being an element with very little voice in the family setting from early and being raised in that context, it will be logical that many parents when coming to the UK would tend to try and keep educating their child in the same way. This will certainly put the innocent children in the same position of being collateral victims of a cultural conflict. Chap 7: The Role of the Youth and Community Worker. What should be the role of the community worker involved with young people of DR Congolese origins founding themselves in a position of ââ¬Ëcollateral victimsââ¬â¢? Does the youth worker have to take part for the young persons because thatââ¬â¢s their work? Do youth workers have to ignore the parents? What should be their positions in the cultural conflictual situation? These are a few questions this chapter will attempt to address. The first part of the chapter will try and explain whatââ¬â¢s youth work is while its second part will critically examine the role of the worker in this situation. As a personal experience undertaken during a very recent university placement (January to April 2011) done in an independent organisation in Beswick once again revealed, the general public doesnââ¬â¢t seem to know much about the entire discipline of youth and community work, not to talk about its invaluable contribution. In fact, at a first meeting with colleagues and volunteers working within the association which usually work more with all parts of the local community and not specifically with young people, I was introduced as a youth and community worker. This visibly raised some unexpressed questions as to not only how I would fit in their work, but further as to ââ¬Ëwhat I really wasââ¬â¢ (as a youth and community worker), as some of my colleagues confessed to me later on when we got very close. After explaining to them what youth and community work really was, they again confessed that all they knew was that it was about keeping young people happy with Nintendo, footba ll table-tennis etc. Introducing me as a youth and community worker to the 6 interviewees who kindly gave their time to answer a few questions for the purpose of this study seemed also to raise the same questions. Two of the parents told me at the end that they thought that it was ââ¬Ësocial workersââ¬â¢ who were supposed to be dealing with such issues. This introduction may easily take one to confirm that many still donââ¬â¢t know or wrongly assume to know what youth and community work is. Batsleer (2008) rightly pointed that youth and community work is about dialogue, about conversation. She keeps on saying that it is about enabling young people to ââ¬Ëcome to voiceââ¬â¢.à à This aspect of coming to voice is effectively a very crucial one when talking about youth work. As a matter of facts, may be because of what was seen and/or passed through generation after generation, until nowadays, people would wrongly tend to think of youth workers as people whose sole role is to ââ¬Ëanimateââ¬â¢ young people with different games, to keep them out of the streets. While youth work can indeed involve some recreational activities in the course of accomplishing its mission, thatââ¬â¢s definitely not the primordial role of this noble profession. Because society will hardly listen to young people, youth work has as one key mission to give them a voice by creating safe space in safe place where they would be able to have a voice. Youth work is there underpinned by a set of strong values and ethics. These allow our work to be guided by anti discriminatory practice, equality, social justice, a commitment to harnessing participation. The National youth Agency (NYA) website (2011) gives a more complete definition of youth work is the following terms: The main purpose of youth work is the personal and social development of young people and their social inclusion. Youth work helps young people learn about themselves, others and society through non-formal educational activities that combine enjoyment, challenge, learning and achievement. We believe youth work methods can be applied in a range of settings by a wide range of professionals, support staff and volunteers, and we are committed to helping people understand and use these approaches. Youth workers will always aim to make their spaces safe for all young people, regardless of backgrounds, race, class, sex, ability, religion etc. in creating safe space in safe places for young people, we acknowledge that young people will feel better equipped to learn, share and influence society. What can then be the role of the above defined youth and community worker involved with persons/parents in a cultural conflict. To both the young person and the parents, it is first of all important to underline that, as seen in the definition of youth work, emphasis should always be put on ââ¬Ëfairnessââ¬â¢ in dealing with all matters. Despite the fact youth workers will have a sense of ââ¬Ëallianceââ¬â¢ with the young persons for which they are advocating even for which they ââ¬Ëare aliveââ¬â¢, it may however be very important not to become ââ¬Ëtoo emotionally involvedââ¬â¢. Clear boundaries must always be traced between personal beliefs, values, opinions and professional ones. Youth and community work should remain as ââ¬Ëneutralââ¬â¢ as possible, professional, ââ¬Ëidentifyingââ¬â¢ the community first. This should apply to parties involved in the ââ¬Ëconflict. In fact, as Belton (2009) argued, if we are to educate a community we must first identify it. He rightly insisted on the fact that youth workers should not label it or prejudice it as this would badly affect the ir work. Having critically and impartially examined the all situation, the youth and community worker will then have to take a decision on either refer the case to the appropriate services when necessary or either continuing to work between the two parties to get to some kind of resolution of the dispute. In everything, the youth and community worker will ââ¬Ëpeacefullyââ¬â¢ challenge any form of discrimination, inequality, lack of respect etc. without being ââ¬Ëpre judgemental, the role of the youth and community worker will basically be the one of encouraging debate et open/mature discussion between all parties. They will therefore encourage inclusion and promote social justice in doing so. Chap 8: Conclusions and recommendations. After going through a series of considerations on the very complex issues of children/young people of African origins, especially those from the DR Congo, the following can be said in conclusion: Many parents of African origins moving to the UK with their children will usually know very little about the way of life in Britain. They would generally tend to assume that they should keep giving their children the same education they were giving them when at home. The problem of language would evidently be the first barrier for them as for anyone moving to a country with a different language. This would unfortunately put the innocent children in a position where they are between the wraths of their inflexible, traditional and ââ¬Ëold fashionââ¬â¢ parents and the hidden love of enjoying the British way of life. Some have precedent tried to look at the subject of the complexity of multiculturalism. Though this is generally considered as a good thing for society in principles, it is however taken with a lot of precautions. Recent activities of terrorism in the past few years have unfortunately increased the sense of rejection of multiculturalism. This study did use qualitative methods to try and get a better insight into the subject. For this, six interviews were conducted with members of the general public, originally from the DR Congo on living in the UK on their experience of being raised by parents of DR Congolese origins and on raising children in a DR Congolese manner, in the United Kingdom. Some UK social policies relative to the subject were briefly looked at and put into the context avec the main topic. From this exercise, the conclusion is that parents of African origin will struggle to adapt to these specific social policies, despite agreeing on their numerous positive sides. The reason again is found in those original ââ¬Ëflamesââ¬â¢ of fire profoundly imbedded within them since so many years, since their childhood, since hundreds and hundreds of generation. Analysing the results of all conducted interviews has provided the sense that most of the children being raised by parents on DR Congolese origins will struggle with the situation of being in between two cultures and will consequently especially suffer from a lack of understanding and/or support of a ââ¬Ëtoo old fashionââ¬â¢ parent, who would give them very little support and voice/space for discussion, though they would not necessarily think that the African/Congolese way of raising children is a bad one. Comparing the way parents of DR Congolese origins deal with their children to the way those from India do the same has been a fruitful point as well. In fact, from that comparison, it emerged that both cultures have many similarities. This led to the understandable point that both parents raising their children in the UK will tend more to hang on to their original culture, not giving much ââ¬Ëspaceââ¬â¢ for a shift into cultures to their children. Looking at all the above, it may be right to conclude by saying that though the debate on the complex issue of multiculturalism will certainly keep going on for as long as no one knows, it is a very good thing as it helps society in becoming a more diverse one. However, if the newcomers donââ¬â¢t necessarily need to completely be assimilated by the new culture they embrace, it may however be correct to give some thoughtful and honest considerations to their new homelandââ¬â¢s way of doing thing. This applies to the new homelandââ¬â¢s way of educating children. Conversely, on the other side, the new homeland or its inhabitants may or would definitely also benefit form, not rejecting the new comersââ¬â¢ culture straight away, but by trying to be open to them and try and learn from them, on what they may consider as being positive points. Those being in position of communication may help more by passing around this type of message than one focused more on the negative sides of the culture/actions/deeds of people from abroad. Finally, the children/young who have the privilege of finding themselves in a western country where their rights are properly protected and where they have got a bigger voice and more space for dialogue, should in no case find there an opportunity to willingly become a cause of pain for their parents, despite their Africa beliefs. While it is perfectly true that children have the right to be children on the one hand, it is also perfectly correct that parents have got the rights to be parents, on the other hands. Things can work properly if there are clear boundaries. Recommendations Once again, stressing the fact that though the above interview and the entire study is not to be necessarily as the reflection of the general public, the findings here my certainly informed many on what should be done. Amongst the most recommendations: à Putting more emphasis on educating the British general public on othersââ¬â¢ cultures may have a significant impact on the acceptance of multiculturalism à More efforts may be needed in educating parents coming from abroad (especially from the Democratic republic of Congo) on the way of life/the culture in the UK will certainly help a lot. à à Educating children living in the UK on the difference between using the right to use their rights/freedom and the respect they are expected to show respect to society is of the key recommendations this study would strongly suggest. The youth and community worker whose main role is to fight for social justice and promote a society where social exclusion is completely eradicated one day will have a major role to play in this complex situation. Staying impartial, the youth and community worker will have to help all parties involved in trying to find a right balance for a better society. BIBLIOGRAPHY à Batsleer, J. (2008). Informal Learning in Youth Work. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, p. 5. Bedford, D. and Wilson, E. (2006) Study Skills for foundation degrees. London: David Fulton Publishers, p. 61, 62 and 64. Belton, B. (2009) Developing Critical Youth Work Theory. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers, p. 39 Clements, P. (2008). Policing a Diverse Society. New York: Oxford University Press. Department for Education Website (2011). www.education.gov.uk /childrenandyoungpeople/sen/earlysupport/esinpractice/a0067409/every-child-matters. Aiming high for children. Accessed On line 27 April 2011. Flekkoy, M. and Kaufman, N. (1997), The Rights of the child: rights and responsibilities in family and society. London: Jessica Kingsley. Freeman, M.D.A. (1983), The Rights and Wrongs of children. London: Pinter. Gilroy, P. (1993), The Black Atlantic, Modernity and Double Consciousness. London: Verso. Gollnick, D. and Chinn P. (1990), Multicultural education in a pluralistic society. Columbus: Merill Pub. Co Henley, A. and Scott, J. (1999), Culture, Religion and Patient care in a multi-ethnic society; a handbook for professionals. London: Age Concern England. Howson, D. and Momodou S., (2009) Europeââ¬â¢s established and Emerging Immigrant Communities ââ¬â assimilation, multiculturalism or integration, Trentham Books. http//: www.csa.com/facsheets/assia-set-c.php Jandt, F.E. (2007), an introduction to Intercultural Communication; Identities in a Global Community 4th ed. London: Sage Publications Limited. Journal of Intercultural Studies (Volume 32, nr 2, April 2011). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, p. 134. Kidd, W. (2002), Culture and Identity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. Lynch, J. (1989), Multicultural education in a Global Society. London: Falmer. McCalla, D. (2003) Black Success in the UK ââ¬â Essays in Racial and Ethnic Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.93. Maguire, M. (2009) Law and Youth Work, Learning Matters. National Youth Agency. www.nya.org.uk/about-nya ââ¬ËNick Clegg sets out vision multiculturalismââ¬â¢. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12638017. Accessed 20 April 2011. Packam, C. (2008) Active Citizenship and Community Learning: Empowering Youth and Community Work Practice. Exeter: Learning Matters Limited. Race and Difference ââ¬â developing practice in lifelong learning. www.infed.org/lifelonglearning/b-race.htm. accessed 29 March 2011. Russell, S. and Amnesty International United Kingdom, ââ¬Å"Most Vulnerable of All: the treatment of unaccompanied refugee children in the UKâ⬠. London: Amnesty International United Kingdom. Rutter, J. (2003) Supporting Refugee Children in the 21st Century Britain, a compendium of essential information (Revised Edition) Trentham Books) Rutter, J. (2006) ââ¬Å"Refugee children in the UKâ⬠. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Sallah, M. and Howson, C. (2007) Working with Black Young People. Dorset: Russell House Publishing Ltd. ââ¬ËSo what exactly is multiculturalism?ââ¬â¢ www.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3600791.stm Taylor, C. (1994) ââ¬ËMulticulturalismââ¬â¢. Commentary by Appiah, K.A., Habermas, J., Rockefeller, S., Walzer, M. and Wolf, S. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp 72-73. The Victoria Climbià © Inquiry report. www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmhealth/570/570.pdf Thomas, P. (2011). Youth, Multiculturalism and Community Cohesion. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 1-2. Thompson, N. (2001) Anti-Discriminatory Practice 3rd ed.: Sage Publications. Tomlinson, S. (2008) Race and education. Maidenhead Berkshire: Open University press, p.58. Tracey Connelly: the story of a woman defined by abuse. www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/aug/11/tracey-connelly-baby-p-mother. Retrieved 18 April 2011. Unicef.org/India/children_3220.html Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-47016196821408612022019-11-22T19:54:00.001-08:002019-11-22T19:54:05.686-08:005 Points to Mind When Working on a Psychology Personal Statement5 Points to Mind When Working on a Psychology Personal Statement 5 Points to Mind When Working on a Psychology Personal Statement Psychology is the study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting a personââ¬â¢s behavior. It is no surprise that most institutions that offer courses in the study of Psychology are looking in detail at which candidates to accept. Tertiary institutions are looking beyond the marks or grades of each applicant, they are looking for deeper insights as to whether the candidates accepted will excel in the study of psychology and make a material contribution to the profession. In this article, we will take a look at some of the unique aspects of the psychology personal statement. We will share with you some tips on how to structure your personal statement, the things that you should include, and some examples of the types of things that you may want to say in order to stand out from the rest of the candidates competing for the available positions. 1. Describe Why You Wish to Pursue a Career in Psychology It is helpful if you can articulate what draws you to a career in this field. Try and demonstrate an understanding of the profession, demonstrate that you know what is involved in being a psychologist. 2. Describe Why This Specific Course Appeals to You If you are competing against a lot of other candidates for a limited number of spaces, then you need to demonstrate to the assessors that you have researched the courses available, that you have selected their course for a specific reason, that you are confident that this course will give you the training you need to progress your career. 3. Describe Your Previous Academic Performance That Is Relevant to This Course This is an opportunity to not just talk about your grades or the marks that you have achieved in previous studies but also to demonstrate that this is a natural progression for your academic career. 4. Describe the Personal Skills and Experiences That Make You a Suitable Candidate for This Course Try and demonstrate that you have an emotional connection to the career that you are pursuing. You need to have a personal reason to want to study this course. What makes you want to be a psychologist? 5. Seek Feedback on Your Personal Statement Make sure that you get your personal statement professionally proofread, and that you also seem objective feedback regarding the quality of what you have written. Possibly, the most important thing to remember about your psychology personal statement writing is that it should be about you. While it is important to get advice and expertise on how to make your personal statement as compelling as possible, what you must not do is to try and copy a personal statement that someone else has written. Your personal statement has to be authentic, it has to feel like it has been written by a real person, a person who really wants to study psychology and enter the profession. With a bit of thought and efforts, you could soon be starting the psychology course that you aspire to. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-70737191518028013312019-11-21T02:28:00.001-08:002019-11-21T02:28:07.361-08:00INTRODUCTION TO PROPERTY LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsINTRODUCTION TO PROPERTY LAW - Essay Example Kumar does not possess the right to claim any right to be given the first preference. In fact, the sale is a three stage process starting from contract, transfer of conveyance and finally registration of title (Lecture Note- formal acquisition of title). In Mr. Kumarââ¬â¢s case, even the contract was not done according to legally valid terms (Lecture note- must be in writing) and hence his claims hold no ground. At this juncture it is necessary to check the formal way to be adopted in developing a contract. At the pre-contract stage, or before signing a contract, the buyer and the seller can negotiate and agree on the sale leading to a ââ¬Ësubject to contractââ¬â¢. However, as far as a contract is not signed and exchanged in the usual way, the contracts are not legally binding (Lecture notes). As Goo (69) illustrates, similar was the case of Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Co Ltd. V. Doreen Appliances Ltd. [1942] 2 KB 32 at 35; Keppel v. Wheeler [1927] 1 KB 577 at 584. In fact, a ccording to 1975 Law Commission directive (Law Commission 65, January 1975, Para 4), before a formally signed contract, there is no legal validity for the ââ¬Ësubject to contractââ¬â¢. ... Then, the buyer can ask the seller to make necessary changes in the draft and can ask for explanations. Thereafter, both the parties sign the contracts and exchange them. At this stage, the purchaser is normally required to make a deposit of 10% of the purchasing price. If the buyer fails to do the transactions in time, he loses the money. In this context, it is apt to note another example that Goo (73) describes i.e. Union Eagle v. Golden Achievement [1997] 2 WLR 341, PC) as in Sourcebook on the law. The above information proves the weak position of the claims made by Mr. Kumar. All the communication he had with Thorpe Trustees were in the pre-contract stage and one can say, they have agreed on the ââ¬Ësubject to contractââ¬â¢. However, as evident from Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Co Ltd. V. Doreen Appliances Ltd, ([1942] 2 KB 32 at 35) this will not have any legal validity. In addition, the payment Mr. Kumar made was another mistake. Such a payment, not according to the normal procedures of contract, will not give him any ground, especially as it was made under cover of a Compliments Slip. In addition, the long time that has elapsed, that is from 8th September to 11th November, will further weaken Mr. Kumarââ¬â¢s stance as even in his letter, he has promised to act quickly. Making his situation even pathetic, Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989, Section 2 states that the agreement must be in writing (Lecture Note-the agreement must be in writing). The conversation Mr. Kumar had on telephone with Thorpe Trustees on 9th September will not have any legal value. Thus, in total, it is evident that Mr. Kumar will not be able to claim any legal right to be solely considered for Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-6695688646340277242019-11-19T11:17:00.001-08:002019-11-19T11:17:02.304-08:00Cultural phenomenon in African-American History from the Colonial Era EssayCultural phenomenon in African-American History from the Colonial Era to Reconstruction - Essay Example Her sisters were sold away from the family. Her mother held the rest of the family together with a determined resistance which was an inspiration to her daughter. Ben was freed from slavery at the age of forty-five, but continued to work as a foreman for his former owners. The family was helpless to fight for the freedom which his wife and children were later entitled to. (Biography.com). The young Harrietââ¬â¢s childhood was marked by harsh conditions: she inserted her toes into the smoldering ashes of a fire at night, in order to avoid frostbite. She received severe whippings even as a small child, working at various jobs, including weaving, housekeeping and baby-sitting, by the age of six. At the age of 12, she was seriously injured by a blow to the head, inflicted by a white overseer for refusing to help him tie up a runaway slave. This injury continued to be the source of life-long seizures, severe headaches and narcoleptic episodes. In 1844, at the age of 25, Harriet married John Tubman, a free Black man, who did not share her dreams of escaping to freedom in the North (Williams). à In 1849, Harrietââ¬â¢s owner died and she feared being sold to the South. This impelled her to make a bid for freedom. She was initially accompanied by her two brothers, but the men lost their courage and returned to their slave life. Guided by the North Star, penniless and friendless, Harriet hid during the day and walked across strange country by night. Her determination is seen in her words, ââ¬Å"I had reasoned dis out in my mind; there was one of two things I had a right to, liberty, or death; if I could not have one, I would have de oderâ⬠(qtd. In Simkin). She secured aid from white abolitionists. Harrietââ¬â¢s escape bid included being covered in a sack and carried in a wagon, using a succession of ââ¬Ësafe housesââ¬â¢ and finally crossing the Mason-Dixon line (dividing the free states of the North and the slave states of the South) to reach Phi ladelphia. In a poignant tribute to her freedom, Harriet says, ââ¬Å"When I found I had crossed that line, I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person. There was such a glory over everythingâ⬠(qtd. in Biography. Com). Harriet then embarked on the next stage of her life, which was to make her one of the most remarkable women in African-American history. Harriet took on a job in Philadelphia, worked tirelessly, and used her pay to help other blacks follow her path to freedom. She made the acquaintance of William Still, who was one to the most active ââ¬Ëstation mastersââ¬â¢ of the Underground Railroad. The UGRR was the route to freedom along which slaves were transported from the South to the North. In order to maintain secrecy, the routes were called ââ¬Ëlinesââ¬â¢, the safe-houses were ââ¬Ëstations,ââ¬â¢ the slaves were ââ¬Ëfreightââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëpackagesââ¬â¢ and the agents who guided them were the ââ¬Ëconductors.ââ¬â¢ With Stillâ⠬â¢s help, and that of the Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society, Harriet became an official ââ¬Ëconductorââ¬â¢ of the UGRR. When the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 made the North dangerous for runaway slaves, who faced the threat of recapture and return to their former masters, the UGRR made Canada the destination of the people it guided. In 1851, Tubman moved to St. Catharines in Canada and used the city as the base for her activities. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-77020336272808004542019-11-16T23:48:00.001-08:002019-11-16T23:48:04.091-08:00Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay Example for Free Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay Introduction There is a thin line between fact and fiction.à This is particularly true in Tim Oââ¬â¢Brienââ¬â¢s THE THINGS THEY CARRIED.à Tim Oââ¬â¢Brien expertly dealt with words as he described the atrocities of war in this book. Tim OBriens The Things They Carried goes beyond the usual fare of war fiction. As a matter of fact it goes beyond fiction despite the fact that the author labeled it as a work of fiction on the title page. à The book is an amalgamation of several genres ââ¬â a memoir, a novel, and a collection of short stories. Oââ¬â¢Brienââ¬â¢s genius lies in the fact that he turns fiction into something real so much so that the demarcation of fiction and fact in this story is hardly noticeable. You can never tell when the fact ended and the imagination begins.à There is a subtle intertwining of fact and fiction that hooks the reader into reading further. à The story may be fiction but the emotions, tragedies and lives behind the story are real. So real in fact, anybody can relate to them. I want you to feel what I felt. I want you to know why story-truth is truer sometimes than happening-truth. Chapter 18, pg. 179. This is a telling part of the story as Tim Oââ¬â¢Brien relates how he wants the truth to come out not as the way other people seen it but the way he does.à His own version of the truth is what matters to him. Truly, facts could sometimes be stranger than fiction. Analysis The first-person narrator of this book is named after the author, Tim OBrien.à Tim is both a writer and combat veteran of the Vietnam War. The war fiction is not about the usual war story where gory tales of hatcheted bodies and non-stop killings abound. Instead, one finds a certain attachment to the characters as Oââ¬â¢Brien skillfully narrates the emotional and psychological impact of war on them.à OBrien shows the true nature of the soldiers of the Vietnam War not as fearless soldiers but as young men and boys who are inexperienced and frightened in a strange land. à Even Oââ¬â¢Brien is not spared from fear of going to war. My conscience told me to run, but some irrational and powerful force was resisting, like a weight pushing me toward the war. What it came down to, stupidly, was a sense of shame. Chapter 4, pg. 52. In this part of the story, Tim contemplated on how he was indecisive about being drafted for the war.à The character Tim OBrien reacts to his draft notice by going to the Canadian border and spends six days in a isolated lodge in the company of an old man named Elroy while he debates on whether he should evade the draft or accept it and go to war. In the end, he decided to go to war not so much he believes in it but more so because he does not want to put his family to shame. It is largely compelling, emotional and even humorous.à It gives a human face to the war as opposed to a mere narrative. OBrien explores the things they carried both figuratively and literally through the intermittent narration of the lives, even death, of the soldiers comprising the Alpha Company. OBrien masterfully recounts the emotions going through a soldier during unforgettable moments of his life: his feelings when drafted, his guilt when forced to kill an enemy, his shock at seeing friends or fellow soldiers killed in action and the gnawing feeling of homesickness. The plot is simple but told several times through different characters point of view, making it appear more complex than it seems. The book has its light and humorous moments though as depicted in the story the Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong.à Oââ¬â¢Brien, the author, knows exactly the perfect order of stories to attain the best effect, whether as a stand-alone story or to augment other stories. à Tim has a way of relating stories that catches the reader by surprise like this one: Speaking of Courage was written in 1975 at the suggestion of Norman Bowker, who three years later hanged himself in the locker room of a YMCA in his hometown in central Iowa. (Page 155) Love is one of the motivating factor for Timââ¬â¢s need to tell the story. It had all the shadings and complexities of mature adult love, and maybe more, because there were not yet words for it, and because it was not yet fixed to comparisons or chronologies or the ways by which adults measure such things. I just loved her. Chapter 22, pg. 228. Tim Oââ¬â¢Brien, the character professes his love for a girl when they were little. In the end, Tim admitted that his penchant for telling stories and why he needs to do it as he relates his life to the soldiers.à Im skimming across the surface of my own history, moving fast, riding the melt beneath the blades, doing loops and spins, and when I take a high leap into the dark and come down thirty years later, I realize it is as Tim trying to save Timmys life with a story. Chapter 22, pg. 246. In this quote, Tim tells of his need to tell stories. He knows it can bring the dead loved ones back to life, as if they are still with us. The soldiers do this to shield them from painful memories of losing a friend or killing a person. Tim, the character, tells stories since he was a child, when he lost the first girl he ever loved to brain tumor. The stories may change ââ¬âcharacters, places, and events but the storyteller keeps the memories alive. These multiple narratives seem complex even at times confusing but OBrien once again manages to pull this off perfectly. ââ¬Å"The Things They Carriedâ⬠is a moving, heart-rending tale of the men in Vietnam War and the emotional and psychological baggage they carried, which leave them scarred for life, because of it. Work Cited: Oââ¬â¢Brien, Tim. 29 Dec. 1998. The Things They Carried. Amazon. Accessed on 10, January 2007 http://www.amazon.com/Things-They-Carried-Tim-OBrien/dp/0767902890. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2524639190602190999.post-12803884308658301822019-11-14T12:19:00.001-08:002019-11-14T12:19:02.691-08:00Gun Control :: Argumentative Persuasive EssaysWhenever some terrible act of violence occurs, such as a horrible school-shooting, people start asking questions and pointing fingers. They want to put the blame on someone or something. The blame is most often put on an inanimate object that does only what the person using it wants it to do. Guns do not cause crime and more gun control laws are not the answer. Gun control violates rights given to us by the Second Amendment, guns have proven to be extremely effective in deterring crimes and protecting private property, gun control does not work in controlling violence, and gun control goes against everything the founders of this country stood for. Gun control violates the rights that the founders of this country shed their blood for. Our constitution is the rights that the framers of this country put together because they felt it to be necessary for a strong nation. In it the Second Amendment states, ?A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. One would think that the men who wrote the Constitution knew and understood the importance of allowing a free people to have the right to keep and bear arms. Some would say that today?s well-regulated militia was the National Guard, but even if that was true the Second Amendment still protects individ uals rights to keep and bear arms. As Thomas Jefferson so emphatically put it, ?No free man should ever be disbarred the use of arms.? (Quotations 1) Thomas Jefferson, being a huge supporter of the right to bear arms, also said, ?The beauty of the Second Amendment is that it will not be needed until they try to take it.? Jefferson also said, ?The strongest reason for the People to retain the Right to Keep and Bear Arms is, as a last resort, to protect themselves against tyranny in government.? He definitely realized, as did the other writers of the constitution, the importance of letting a free people have the right to Bear Arms. It has been said that guns just cause violence and are never a benefit to society, nothing could be so far from the truth. Statistics have shown time and time again that guns are used hundreds of thousands of times a year in the defense of one?s self, property, and family. Paisleigh Tolerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10431696577331053312noreply@blogger.com0