The Munich Agreement Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

The Munich Agreement - Dissertation Example Chamberlain’s role was central to the appeasement process as a committed person in response to the public opinion. But this was not without criticism. Left wing-writers under a pseudonym Cato published guilty men in 1940, which accused Chamberlain of taking undue advantage of public opinion and giving unrealistic hopes of peace with Germany.   They sought to point out that Chamberlain underestimated the British capacity and overestimated the German’s capacity of war. They have painted Chamberlain as a great deceiver . Because of the outbreak of the Second World War in spite of the cession of the Sudetenland, Chamberlain stood exposed to criticism for having slowed down the rearmament program after the First World War. Historical research on this episode has these writers as the first phase. In what can be called the second phase of historical research, Taylor in his 1961 publication †The Origin of Second World War†, remarked that the role of appeasement in the outbreak of Second World War was;   â€Å"The cause of war was therefore as much the blunders of others as the wickedness of dictators themselves.†Ã‚   In 1963, The Appeasers, Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott maintained that Chamberlain deceived the public by showing the bogey of another war which the British could not afford. However, since the 1960s, revisionist historians argued for the compelling reasons for appeasement as that was the only viable policy for the British in the 1930s. The Nation had a weak economy drained of resources after the needs in the war just ended. Historians such as Patrick Finney agreed that appeasement was the inevitable result of British decline. They also argued that public opinion prior to 1937 could not be easily dismissed. Maurice Calling in his 1975 publication, The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy 1933-40, maintained that the appeasement policy was compelled by domestic considerations. Chamberlain, motivated by the state of the country’s economy and political stand of his Conservative party, took the appeasement decision that was expected to become popular with the British public. Chamberlain changed his stand in response to the public opinion after Germany occupied Prague in 1939. R.A.C Parker, in his Chamberlain and Appeasement (1993), argued that Chamberlain deliberately used the reasons of weak economy and weak military, to shape the public opinion, as he was deeply committed to appeasement for the sake appeasement and not due to weakness.5 From looking at the historiography relating to the Munich agreement it is clear to see that there is an ongoing debate relating to the issue. Throughout this piece I intend to

Air Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Air Pollution - Essay Example This research paper explores that different places in the world have different air quality, depending on the magnitude of air pollution. The air that people inhale is neither clean nor is it healthy. In fact, the air that people breathe contains harmful gases like ground level ozone gas, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, air particles and lead. Of the five gases, ground level ozone and air borne articles have been identified as the greatest risk to human health in the world major cities. There is a great difference in air qualities in the world and this is manifested in different statistical informations in the major cities of the world. The major cities of the globe are impacted by air pollution, which affects air quality. The Air Quality in the world is assessed through Air Quality Index (AQI). AQI is used for reporting air quality on a daily basis. AQI provides information about how clean or polluted the air is in the places that a person resides and what health haz ards a person should be concerned of. Environmental Protection Agency usually calculates the AQI of five major air pollutants, which are controlled by the Clean Air Act. These pollutants include ground level ozone gas, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and air particles. Of the five gases, ground level ozone and air borne articles have been identified as the greatest risk to human health in the world major cities. Most of the sources of air pollution arise from technological and industrial advancement made by humans.

The Glasgow Caledonian University

The Glasgow Caledonian University INTRODUCTION Glasgow Caledonian University is one of the largest universities in Scotland with nearly 17,000 students. This institution was established in 1993, as a result of the merger of Queens College Glasgow with the Glasgow polytechnic (GCU website).The institution is situated right in the heart of Glasgow city centre. There exist increasingly, a lot of activities going on within this university making a growing case for the importance of managing the environmental impacts associated with its activities, products and services. Recognising this concern that university decided to act responsibly by making serious commitments towards a sustainable place to work and study. The commitment paid off with the recent bronze award awarded to the university by Eco campus after an off-site audit. Despite this achievement, there is still a general lack of awareness about the process and there have been no visible improvement in environmental performance. Therefore, this report seeks to; identify the universitys main activities with significant impact to the environment, explain the relationship between Environmental Management System (EMS) and Eco campus, examine the role of eco campus in achieving the ISO14001 certification and finally suggest steps needed to be taken by the University to attain the next phase-silver awards presented by Eco campus. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY WITH SIGNIFICANT IMPACT. â€Å"Universities are now regarded as â€Å"small cities† due to their large size, population and the various complex activities taking place in them† (Abubakar et al, 2008). Glasgow Caledonian university being one of the universities in Scotland, has going in it a complex number of activities (aspects) which could have direct or indirect impact on the environment which will result in environmental sustainability or could lead to the degradation of the environment. Such environmental aspects includes: fresh water and energy use- including electricity and heat consumption (Noeke, 2000), consumption of materials (e.g. food, paper, equipment, etc.), procurement, generation and disposal of all kinds of waste, construction (including refurbishment) and demolition activities, transport to and fro the university (Edith Cowan University, 2009), workshop and laboratory use, lectures, research and sporting activities, community support services (Abubakar et al, 2008) and finally the provision of student and staff accommodation. WHAT IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) Environmental management system is a management system used by an organisation to develop and implement its own environmental policy and manage its environmental aspects (International standards organisation, 2005). It involves ; the development of environmental policy statement, implementation of that policy (through appropriate objectives/targets, clear responsibilities, organised structure, action plans and established procedures), creating awareness and training, performance monitoring and audit and lastly continuous improvement on previous policy. Denning Cycle The Environmental management system approach to the management of environmental impacts was based on the Plan-Do-Check-ACT (PDCA) cycle commonly known as the Denning cycle shown above. The â€Å"Plan† aspect involves, environmental baseline review, setting of objectives, assigning of responsibilities and the preparation of plans, programmes and procedures. The â€Å"Do† aspect involves implementation of these standards, procedures and action plans. The â€Å"Check† aspect involves environmental monitoring and auditing of the implemented procedures, action plans and objectives. Then the â€Å"Act† involves the review by management and the continuous improvement of the environmental policy. Though ISO14001 standard produced by the International Standard Organisation (ISO) in 1995 is generally accepted as the global standard for certifying environmental management systems, there still exists other standards such as; Eco Management and Audit Scheme- which is an European standard established by European regulation 1836/93 as a voluntary initiative to improve companies performance (Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment, 2009) and the British standard-BSI 8555, which is a national environmental management system intended towards a phased approach to implementation. Several such national environmental management systems exist across the globe WHAT IS ECO CAMPUS Eco campus is a national environmental management system development program and award scheme developed by the higher education sector for the higher education to improve environmental performance using a phases and modular approach (Eco campus, 2009). The project is funded by the higher education funding council for England (HEFCE) and is a collaborative project between Nottingham Trent University (NTU), Loreus Ltd, Environment Association for Universities and Colleges (EAUC) AND Environment Campaign- ENCAMS (EAUC, 2009). Eco campus achieves improved environmental performance through the issuance of four awards which are usually done in phases. The awards include; Bronze, Silver, Gold and platinum. With each being a product of a particular phase. The bronze award is the lowest of the awards while the platinum award is the highest and is equivalent to the ISO14001 standards. Based on the released Eco campus audit criteria published in 2008, the Bronze award is given to institutions that have; shown senior management commitment to environmental management, carried out environmental baseline review of environmental aspects, developed a draft of environmental policy and are involved in creating awareness of the process. The Silver awards (being the 2nd phase award) is given to higher institutions that have; identified the significant environmental aspects of the universitys operations, identified the legal and other requirements related to its environmental aspects, developed environmental objectives and targets and have produced a finalised environmental policy document. Furthermore, the achievement of the Eco campus Gold awards is tied to the completion of the following processes, assigning roles and responsibilities towards meeting environmental objectives and targets, ensuring that the personnel involved in the implementation of the environmental policy are competent and adequately trained, developing and implementing standard operational control procedures, ensuring proper documentation and communication of processes involved and putting in place systems that will identify emergencies and respond to them. Finally, the platinum award is given only to institutions who have shown adherence to; monitoring and measurements of environmental aspects of the university, performing internal audits on universitys environmental performance and regularly review of environmental performance by management. THE BENEFITS AND LIMITATION OF IMPLEMENTING ECOCAMPUS IN GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY The eco campus being an environmental management system has a number of limitations to its operation. But the benefits of implementing the eco campus environmental management system far outweigh the limitations (Eco campus, 200). These benefits may include the following: Eco campus will help the university to effectively improve its environmental performance in phases, thus helping the institution to gradually establish a standard environmental management practice. This will in the long run, facilitate its certification to standard environmental practices such as ISO14001 (Caledonian Environmental centre, 2009) and will reduce the overall cumulative impact on financial as well as human resources associated in the initial establishment of such standards. Eco campus will improve cooperation and environmental awareness among staff, student and other relevant stakeholders (Melnyk et al, 2003). This will as reported by Abubakar et al (2008) bring a change in the way the university; exploits its resources and develops its technology. Thus leading to; reduced operational cost (profitability), increased efficiency and ultimately environmental sustainability. Eco campus will enhance the universitys compliance to regulations and codes of good practice. Thereby promoting improved relationship with both the regulators and the general public. This will help reduce enforcement or civil actions and other direct or hidden legal cost associated with non compliance to regulations (GCU sustainability website, 2009) Eco campus will help the University to effectively manage the impacts of its activities on the environment and improve its environmental performance. Enviro campus (2007) pointed out that, this will enhance the reputation of the university thus encouraging high student recruitment, better public perception and more community support. Eco campus will have significant effect on cost saving through, reduction of cost associated with waste disposal, efficient use of resources (e.g. energy, water etc.), avoidance of cost associated with non compliance to legislations and reduction in insurance cost (Wikipedia, 2009) Though benefits abound there still exist a number of limitations associated with the implementation of the Eco campus Environment Management system. The Glasgow Caledonian university website (2009) suggested some to include; it takes a long time to implement and monitor and it requires proper documentation, adequate training and good communication for it to be successful. In my own opinion other limitations will include the fact that it requires high level of commitment by the management for it to be successful and that it still requires human and financial resources though little compared to the full implementation of a standard Environmental Management system like ISO14001. CURRENT GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITYS ECO CAMPUS STATUS AND IMPLICATIONS TO ATTAINING ISO14001 CERTIFCATION. Glasgow Caledonian University was presented the bronze award by the Eco campus director in Bournemouth University on the 1st of July 2009 (Glasgow Caledonian university website, 2009) as an award for meeting up with the minimum criteria of the Eco campus project for the bronze phase. The reports found on the Universitys website indicated the following achievements of the school to have warranted it the eco campus bronze awards. The university showed senior management commitment to the Eco campus scheme by establishing an Eco campus team (comprising of; the Caledonian Environmental centre, School of built and natural environment, facilities management arm of the university, student association and the Caledonian environmental society students group) headed by Therese Fraser, to oversee the implementation of the Eco campus environmental management system. This team went ahead to produce the draft of the Universitys environmental policy The University carried out the environmental baseline review of more than five basic management areas exceeding by far the minimum requirement set out for the bronze phase. The management area include; waste management, environmental management systems, sustainable procurement, transport, health welfare and safety, environmental policy, energy and water, emissions and discharges, biodiversity and community involvement. The university provided and is still appropriate environmental training for staff involved in the Eco campus programme. The implication of this current status to attaining its target of ISO14001 certification is that the institution is still at the planning phase. It will have to move from that phase to the implementation phase which involves; identification of environmental aspects and legal requirements, setting objectives and target, establishing standard procedures towards achieving this targets/objectives, formalising the environmental policy and its implementation. And then continuously review and improve on policies and practices. But since the university is using a phased approach-Eco campus, it thus means that, it will have to pass through the silver, gold and platinum phases before thinking of getting the ISO14001 certification. The platinum award is an equivalent for ISO14001 standard. So reaching that platinum status will facilitate the easy acquisition of the ISO14001 certification. PRACTICAL STEPS IN MOVING GLASGOW CALEDONIAN TO THE SILVER AWARDS Moving from the bronze phase to the silver phase involves meeting the criteria for the silver phases. The Eco campus audit criteria published in 2008 listed the criteria to include; identification of its significant environmental aspects, identification of legal and other requirements associated with these aspects, setting objectives and targets, producing a final copy of the environmental policy and communicating this policy to all relevant stake holders. So for the university to achieve the silver status the following practical steps have to be taken. The university has to first thoroughly identify and document all the activities of the university that has significant impact on the environment The second step is to identify and document all legal and other requirement associated with the above environmental aspects The next step is to set up and document objectives and targets in relation to managing the environmental aspects Using the information above, the university should produce a formal copy of its environmental policy which will be signed by the top management indicating the management commitment to the process Lastly, the environmental policy should be adequately communicated to the staff, students and all other relevant stakeholders in the university community. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Times of the Spanish Inquisition Essay -- essays research papers

Known for the terror it caused the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula, The Spanish Inquisition was one of the most deadly inquisitions in history. Used for both political and religious reasons, the time period between the 1400’s and the 1800’s belonged to the Catholic Roman Empire (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1994). In order to better understand the Inquisition, the reasons behind it, and the phenomenal worldwide effect, it is indispensable to examine its preceding events. In 14th century Spain, Jewish people are often associated with wealth, being a epidemic to the general public. When Aragon united with Castille in the marriage of Ferdinand V and Isabella, Spain was on the verge of becoming one of the wealthiest nations of the period. A large part of that prosperity was due to the Jewish community. Archdeacon Martinez of Seville continually tried to motivate the people to cleanse themselves of the Jewish citizens, finally succeeding on Ash Wednesday (March 15), 1391. Mobs flogged and beat the Jewish civilians to renounce their religion and become Christian. The victims of that day amount to hundreds, if not thousands, of unsuspecting people (C. Roth, The Spanish Inquisition, 1964). Although the Jews had become Christian to avoid persecution, they still celebrated their beliefs in secrecy. In 1487, their behavior was discovered during Jewish Passover, which was the same week as the Holy Week for the Catholic Church. Thus, the Spanish Inquisition was f ounded to sanitize the ...

Cell Division

I believe that our observations are repressentative of cell division taking place in the oinon root tip. Firstly, this is because our numbers of the number of cells in each phase of mitosis are similar to the rest of the groups, so we can assume our results are most likely correct. We can also assume our calculations are right because we know that Interphase is the most active phase in the process of cell divison, which would agree with our calculations since we assume that approxiamtly 93% of cells are going though Interphase.The phases of mitosis are much shorter then that of Interphase, and the cell spends less time in these phases. This agrees with our calculations because they run around 2-10%, conculding the fact that it is right to infere that a smaller amount of cells would be in the phases of mitosis. 5. Plants use a similar process with a few differences than in the human process. A plant cell creates a mitotic spindle and has a centrosome, but it does not have a centrioles , as in human chromosomes. The other major difference in plants is the way in which cytokinesis occurs.In human cells, the plasma membrane invaginates along the equator of the cell, creating a cleavage furrow that will separate the cytoplasm in two daughter cells. Plant cells have rigid cell walls that prevent this. Instead, they use two different approaches for cytokinesis. The plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward together, eventually separating the parent cell into two. Then the cell wall(which human cells do not contain) will separate the two daughter cells, and the cell wall starts growing in the middle of the cell between the two nuclei. This is known as the cell plate.It continues growing until its edges reach the cell's outer surface, separating the parent cell into two daughter cells. 6. Not all cells in the meristematic region of the onion appear to have a nucleus. This is because The earliest cells, and all prokaryote cells, don't have a nucleus. Inside these simple c ells, the DNA molecules just float around in the cytoplasm. When the cells have devoloped, most likely during telophase,the nucleus will appear. 7. The result of if the chromosomes of the two daughter cells remained on one side of the cell plate could be non-disjunction, where a chromosome may fail to separate during anaphase.One daughter cell will receive both sister chromosomes and the other will receive none. This results in the former cell having three chromosomes containing the same genes (two sisters and a homologue), and will develop into a condition called trisomy, and the latter cell which would only have one chromosome (the homologous chromosome), would be a condition known as monosomy. These cells are considered aneuploid, a condition often associated with cancer. 8. A class result is better in the measure of the time for each miotic phase because we can compare each number of time that each group gets.If the numbers are similar we can infere that it is more probable to b e the right answer, and can exclude any numbers that are an abnormal greater difference then the rest. By comparing all the calculations and observations of the class, we can justify the observations that are similar to those of the rest of the class. 9. Biocide 2-4D would harm and prevent the action of the substances within the meristematic cells of the plants. It will also cause major issues in sex cells because the chromosomes during metaphase 1 will not exchange proper genes with each other.

Zaha Hadid

She said that, â€Å"It's not a matter of borrowing from here and there and blending it all together in a composite. Rather, there's a stream of events, each of which is an experiment. † So having said that, Gaza Had got influenced by many architects from the past, yes, but she never copied. She experiments. That is why she said that all her projects are a kind of experiment. She herself makes the experiment, and she herself tests the experiment in making a lot of possibilities and never stays at the same point.Gaza Hade's idea is that everyone can experiment but it is easier to experiment when you're younger because you have many questions and by that, you make experiments and you answer your own questions . Hade's concerns rose throughout the time because she said that day by day, people get less and less inventiveness. People get less curious about architecture, which makes her want to change it. [2] Gaza aims to build and her ideas that make images turn into construction. She always thought of the energies. Energies that causes the building to appear. The energies.Energies that causes the building to appear. Appear in a way that we couldn't imagine that it exists. With Gaza Hade's modernity, she wanted to change the world. Change for the better through architecture. Her aspects in changing the world through modernity are a lot. First, the technology, using the present resources that could harness a lot of possibilities but what Gaza Had wants is to make a form to its minimum. Minimum that meaner the future, the new and the modern. Second is changing the world by its act. Gaza Had wanted the people to open their eyes.The world is new but we Just don't recognize it. Modernity is the new world. Gaza Had doesn't invent what she designs. She makes new forms and new ways rooting or modernity. What I noticed about Gaza Had is that yes, she is fond of modernism. Modernism meaning edgy shapes and geometric forms, but she changed it. Looking by all her designs , there is a similarity. The curves that are present in all of her designs are much seen by the people. This shows her feminism. Not being biased to the sexuality, but it shows how different a woman can do with her own design.PEAHEN SCIENCE MUSEUM The Peahen Science Museum located in Wolfhound, Germany that was completed in November 2005. The concept and idea of this building is a magic box where people are capable of peeing their minds with curiosity and desire for discovery in all who open it. Just like the building, since it is a science museum, it should speak to its self. Science makes us curious and this building gives you the desire to enter and to discover. Science makes us curious and this building gives you the desire to enter and to discover. 1] The Peahen Science Museum as described by Gaza Had, â€Å"the most ambitious and complete statement of our quest for complex, dynamic, and fluid spaces. † It does not simply imply a normal building but it adds the technolog y of today. This building s designed to not to obey the standard rules of construction but Had made a realm of possibilities. She always thought that nothing is impossible because this building requires new methods and materials in order to build. As said by Gaza Had, â€Å"to create an urban field on the ground, with an object above was a rare opportunity for us. Looking at it from the outside, it looks so massive and complex which makes it look like a spaceship. It shows a huge hold on the ground. Same as entering from the inside, the massiveness is still there and transgress occurs. What I like about this building are the lights. It is easy to make lights in a very simple way, yes, but Gaza Had did it differently. Making the lights small which makes the concept bring back to life. The desire to discover is what they want to achieve like questioning why are the lights like that?Why aren't the walls are enclosed properly? Why does it have to be this massive? It makes us questions things and discover with our own minds. Having number of columns that makes it float makes the next level of the building columns. Which makes it unique and strange at the same tame. She was able to make open spaces that makes it look like not claustrophobic. Because imagine this building without the windows and the open spaces it feels like no one would go and enter inside that is a contrary to their concept of a magic box. Umber of columns that makes it float makes the next level of the building columns. Which makes it unique and strange at the same tame. She was able to make open spaces that makes it look like not claustrophobic. Because imagine this building without the windows and the open spaces it feels like no one would go and enter inside that is a contrary to their concept of a magic box. I think what Gaza Had did to this building was an experiment. Not that she had fun making in or something, but experiment of design.From what I said earlier, Gaza Had always wanted experi ments but it never stays the same. Had make buildings massive yet breathtaking. What Gaza Had designs are simply answers to our questions. She designs by her passion and energy that correlates from her intentions and ideas. Gaza never make things complicated she's Just making architecture a realm of possibility for everyone to appreciate it. Http://www. Gaza-had. Com/architecture/peahen-science-centre/#section-assets http://www. Airspace. Com/features/Gaza-had-architects/peahen-science-center-/